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Anthriscus Pers., nom. cons.
Persoon, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 320 (1805), non Bernh. (1800).
Cerefolium Fabr. (1759).
Chaerefolium Haller (1768).
Annual or biennial, glabrous or often hairy herbs. Stem angled to sulcate, hollow or solid. Leaves 2–4-pinnate, with 2–3-pinnatifid leaflets. Bracts 0. Bractlets usually 5, ciliate and rather short. Flowers white; sepals usually absent. Fruit slightly laterally compressed, glossy, covered with minute papillae or hooks; carpophore almost entire. Mericarps with a ± well-developed ventral groove, and a beak representing 0.25–0.5 of the total length of the fruit; ridges absent on the fertile part (present on the beak); vittae absent at maturity; stylopodium conical, stipitate; style directed upwards or bent slightly inwards.
Chromosome base-number x=7, 8, 9.
Anthriscus nitida (Wahlenb.) Garcke was reported from S Srm Stockholm 1897 (on land-fill; Aulin 1914). The specimen proved to be A. sylvestris s.str.
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Biennial or perennial; most umbels with more than 6 umbellules |
1. A. sylvestris |
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Annual; umbels with 2-6 umbellules |
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Rays glabrous; fruit ovate in outline, with hooked bristles |
2. A. caucalis |
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Rays hairy; fruit narrowly lanceolate in outline, without bristles |
3. A. cerefolium |
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1. Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. map ill.
Hoffmann, Gen. pl. umbell.: 40 (1814). – Chaerophyllum sylvestre L., Sp. pl.: 258 (1753). – Cerefolium sylvestre (L.) Besser (1809). – Chaerefolium sylvestre (L.) Schinz. & Thell. (1909). – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 365.1 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Hedge & Lamond in Fl. Iranica 162 : 85 (1987).
D Vild Kørvel. F koiranputki. Fa villi-kervil. I skógarkerfill. N hundekjeks. S hundkäx.
Literature. Spalik 1996.
Hemicryptophyte (biennial or perennial). To 110(–140) cm; taproot with an aromatic scent as in Apium graveolens, (4–)6–17 mm thick. Stem solid, or subsequently hollow; basal part 3–6(–8) mm thick, distinctly or indistinctly sulcate, straw-coloured or greenish to purplish, not to distinctly hairy (rarely papillose), not or indistinctly glaucous; upper internodes angled to sulcate, not hairy. Leaves 3–5 at the base and 5–9 on the stem, the largest one is either the innermost basal leaf or the lowest stem leaf; sheath rather narrow, not or indistinctly purplish, hairy or not, usually with distinctly membranous borders; petiole (3.5–)5–18 cm; blade 2–3-pinnate, 7–15(–23) × 6–12(–14) cm (length/width ratio (0.8–)1–1.8), lower side usually distinctly hairy. Primary leaflets 3–5(–6) pairs; angle leaflet/rachis 50–90°; longest petiolules 5–23(–28) mm. Ultimate leaflets 2–3-pinnatifid, with (4–)5–10(–12) pairs of lobes; petiolule 3–12(–15) mm; blade 16–60(–85) × (11–)16–32(–40) mm, with a length/width ratio of 1.2–2.3(–3.3); base shortly attenuate to truncate, rarely cordate; tips acute to acuminate, purplish or rarely white. Ultimate lobes 2.5–7(–10) × 1–2.8(–3.5) mm, with a length/width ratio of (1.2–)1.4–3.3(–4.4).
Umbels flat to slightly convex, 2.5–3.5 cm high and 4–9 cm wide; peduncle 1–4.5(–6.5) cm; rays usually inwards-curved, 2.4–4 cm, glabrous. Bracts 0(–2). Umbellules 7–14, usually fewer in the primary umbel; pedicels 0.4–0.8 cm, glabrous. Bractlets 4–5(–7), persistent or rarely caducous, 2.1–5.3 × 0.8–2.2 mm; border indistinctly membranous, often purple-tinged, with a ciliate margin. Flowers distinctly zygomorphic, 12–19 per umbellule; sepals indistinct; petals 1.5–3.1(–3.6) × (0.9–)1.4–2.5 mm, usually emarginate (apical cut to 0.3 mm deep); filaments 0.7–1.5 mm; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm. Fruit narrowly ovate in outline, black-green or black-brown, covered with minute, rounded papillae, usually with a few bristles at the base. Mericarps 4.5–7.6 × 0.8–1.5 × 0.8–1.3 mm, with a length/width ratio of 3.8–6.1(–8.2); beak 0.3–0.8 mm; stylopodium conical to slightly flattened, 0.4–0.6 mm wide; style 0.5–0.8 mm, directed upwards. – Early summer to mid-summer.
2n=16 (D NJy, Sjæ, F EH, U 3, V, EP N ST); 2n=16+0–2B (S Sk 2). [2n=16]
Distribution. Nem–LAlp. – Common in D, N, S and F, except for the northernmost parts of S and F; probably indigenous in most of the area; also anthropochorous and in S Lapland east of the Scandes and F except the northern parts and A, mainly occurring as an apophyte. Fa first record Tórshavn 1922. I anthropochorous, possibly brought in long before the first record (***); scattered in all provinces except IMi and locally becoming invasive, e.g. in IVe around Reykjavik.
Europe, montane regions of N and C Africa, scattered in temperate Asia to China and Japan; anthropochorous in North America.
Habitat. Dry to moderately moist mull soil in rather shaded to sunny habitats. Open woodland, fringes, glades, seashores manured by drift, in the mountains south-facing bluffsand subalpine birch forest; strongly hemerophilous and extremely common on road sides, field margins, disused meadows and pastures and ruderal ground;sensitive to grazing and mowing but strongly favoured by a good nitrogen supply. The species has increased strongly during the second half of the 20th century, both in the agricultural landscape and in woodland, due to overgrowth and excessive manuring.
Biology. Stamens folded back and directed ± downwards before the anthers open; at dehiscence they are directed upwards, thus exposed to pollinators. Primary and secondary umbels have polygamous umbellules (outer flowers bisexual, inner ones male), tertiary umbels are male.
Variation. There is extensive variation (in, e.g., shape of leaves and number of bisexual flowers per umbellule) both in Nordic and extranordic material of Anthriscus sylvestris. Specimens from southern parts of Norden are usually distinctly hairy at the base, northern ones are usually glabrous to slightly hairy. Anthropochorous populations have been claimed to differ from indigenous ones in flowering later and having a denser stem indumentum (Hämet-Ahti 1980).
Similar taxa. Anthriscus sylvestris resembles Chaerophyllum temulum, Conioselinum tataricum and Myrrhis odorata, but differs by distinctly zygomorphic flowers and mericarps with a distinct beak. Further, Chaerophyllum temulum has a spotted stem which is hairy all the way, and wider leaflets with ± cuspidate teeth, Conioselinum tataricum has inflated sheaths, linear bractlets, and mericarps with winged ridges, and Myrrhis odorata has an aromatic scent, more hairy stems and leaves, longer bractlets and much larger mericarps with distinct ridges. – See also Chaerophyllum aureum and Conium maculatum.
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2. Anthriscus caucalis Bieb. map ill.
Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 1: 230 (1808). – Scandix anthriscus L., Sp. pl.: 257 (1753). – Chaerefolium anthriscus (L.) Sch. & Thell. (1909). – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 364.5 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Spalik & Jarvis, Taxon 38: 288 (1989).
Anthriscus scandix (Scop.) Ascherson (1864), nom. illeg., non Bieb. (1808). – A. neglecta Boiss. & Reut. var. scandix (Scop.) Hyl. (1945).Anthriscus vulgaris Pers. (1805), nom. illeg., non Bernh. (1800).
D Gærde-Kørvel. F piikkikirveli. N krokkørvel. S taggkörvel.
Therophyte (summer or winter annual). To 70 cm. Stem hollow; basal part 2–4.5(–7.5) mm thick, terete to angular or occasionally sulcate, usually purplish, more or less glaucous. Leaves 2–5(–9) at the base and 3–8 on the stem, the largest one is either the innermost basal or the lowest stem leaf; sheath rather narrow, not purplish, with distinctly membranous, ciliate margins; petiole 1.5–7.5 cm; blade (2–)3(–4)-pinnate, 3.5–7.5 × 3–5(–7) cm (length/width ratio 1.1–1.7), lower side usually distinctly hairy. Primary leaflets 4–7(–9) pairs; angle leaflet/rachis 40–80°; longest petiolules 4–8(–11) mm. Ultimate leaflets 2 (–3)-pinnatifid, with (3–)4–6 pairs of lobes; petiolule 1.5–5 mm; blade 5.5–12 × 4–9(–11) mm (length/width ratio 0.9–1.4); base shortly attenuate to truncate; tips acuminate or sometimes cuspidate, purplish or sometimes white. Ultimate lobes 0.8–1.7(–2.5) × 0.5–1.3 mm (length/width ratio 1.1–2.0).
Umbels flat to slightly convex, 1.5–2 cm high and 2.5–4(–5) cm wide; peduncle 0.5–2 cm; rays straight, 1.1–1.9(–2.3) cm, glabrous. Bracts 0(–1). Umbellules 3–5(–6); pedicels 0.3–0.5(–0.6) cm, glabrous, thickened in fruit. Bractlets 3–6, persistent, 2.4–3.6 × 0.6–1.2 mm, often purple-tinged; border indistinctly membranous with a ciliate margin. Flowers not zygomorphic, 4–6 per umbellule; sepals indistinct, replaced by a few bristles; petals 0.5–0.85(–1) × 0.4–0.7 mm, with an entire apex; filaments 0.3–0.5 mm; anthers 0.2–0.25 mm. Fruit ovate in outline, dark green, covered with 0.15–0.25(–0.3) mm long, hooked bristles; surface, including base of bristles, covered with acute papillae. Mericarps 3–3.8 × 0.6–1.1 × 0.7–1 mm, with a length/width ratio of 3.3–5.3(–6.2); beak 0.5–0.9 mm; stylopodium conical, 0.2–0.3 mm wide; style 0.1 mm, directed inwards. – Early summer2n=14 (S Sk). – [2n=14]
Distribution. Nem. – Archaeosynanthropic in D and southern S (also apophytic on seashores in this area), elsewhere mainly casual. – D scattered on Læsø and along the coasts of the eastern islands, rare elsewhere; probably declining. N Ak Oslo 1884 (ballast), Vf Larvik 2000 (docks). S scattered and probably archaeophytic in coastal Sk (mainly in the southwest), Bl Karlskrona (in and near the town, known since 1820’s), Öl (vanishing), Gtl and Klm Kalmar (known 1751–1860’s); elsewhere probably a late incomer and largely casual: inland Sk, Bl Karlshamn 1897, with grass seed in Förkärla (early 1900’s) and Karlskrona (established since 1891 in Kungsholmen), Klm Gamleby 1828 (garden), Mönsterås 1863, Kalmar 1897, 1915, Misterhult 1987 (tip), Söderåkra 1922 (docks), Hl Hasslöv 1788 (garden), Övraby 1866, Falkenberg 1904 (docks), Halmstad, BhG Göteborg 1898, Lundby 3 localities (established at Rörskärvet, known since 1980), Vg Toarp 1889, Gustav Adolf 1997 (both as garden weed), Ög Norrköping 1865 (weed), Horn before 1900, Krokek 1882, Srm Brännkyrka (4 grass seed localities in the 1990’s), Upl Djursholm 1916 (garden weed), Hls Harmånger and Söderhamn (both 19th century, ballast) and Mpd Skön 1879 (ballast). – No vouchers have been found for the report from N VA Kristiansand (Elven 1994); records from S SmI Skärstad 1929 and F (EH Nokia 1982 and Tampere 1979) are probably due to mislabelled specimens.
C and S Europe, NW Africa, Turkey; also introduced in North America.
Habitat. On fairly dry, ± lime-rich, sandy or gravelly, bare soil in sunny, often sloping sites. Arable fields and gardens, seashores, waste ground; archaeophytic as a weed, also a ballast and bird-seed alien. Biology. Presumably autogamous; stamens with short filaments keeping the anthers at the same level as the small stigmas. Similar taxa. For differences between Anthriscus caucalis and A. cerefolium (3) see the latter.
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3. Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. map ill.
Hoffmann, Gen. Pl. umbell.: 40 (1814). – Scandix cerefolium L., Sp. pl.: 257 (1753). – Cerefolium cerefolium (L.) Schinz & Thell. (1909), nom. inval. – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 364.4 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Jafri, Fl. Libya 117: 16 (1985).
Anthriscus longirostris Bertol. (1837).
D Have-Kørvel. F maustekirveli. N hagekørvel. S dansk körvel.
Therophyte (summer- or winter-annual). Slender herb, to 60 cm, with a scent similar to that of Myrrhis odorata. Stem usually hollow; basal part 2–5 mm thick, terete to slightly sulcate, straw-coloured to green, sometimes with purplish stripes, not or slightly glaucous. Leaves 4–8 at the base and 4–6 on the stem, the largest one is the lowermost stem leaf; sheath rather narrow, usually not purplish, with a narrowly membranous, ciliate border; petiole 3.5–8(–11) cm; blade 2–3(–4)-pinnate, 3.5–9(–12) × 4–8 cm (length/width ratio 0.7–1.3), lower side slightly hairy. Primary leaflets 3–4(–5) pairs; angle leaflet/rachis 65–95°; longest petiolules 8–21(–34) mm. Ultimate leaflets 2–3-pinnatifid, with (3–)4–6 pairs of lobes; petiolule 3–7(–10) mm; blade 6–13 × 6–14(–17) mm (length/width ratio 0.8–1); base cordate to shortly attenuate; tips acuminate to acute, purplish or sometimes white. Ultimate lobes 0.6–1.8(–3.5) × 0.4–1.4(–2.1) mm (length/width ratio (1–)1.2–1.7).
Umbels flat to slightly convex, 2.5–3.5 cm high and 4–8 cm wide; peduncle 0.1–0.9 cm in the primary umbel, longer in secondary umbels; rays straight or slightly inwards-curved, 1.8–3.8 cm, ± hairy all around. Bracts 0(–1). Umbellules 3–5; pedicels 0.4–0.5(–0.8) cm, glabrous. Bractlets 2–3, persistent, 2.5–5(–6.5) × 0.6–0.8 mm; border usually not membranous, with a ciliate margin. Flowers (6–)9–13 per umbellule, usually distinctly zygomorphic; sepals absent, without bristles; petals 1.2–2(–2.5) × 0.7–1.3(–1.7) mm, emarginate (apical cut 0.2–0.7 mm deep); filaments 0.7–1.2 mm; anthers 0.35–0.5 mm. Fruit narrowly lanceolate in outline, dark brown, covered with acute papillae. Mericarps 7.4–10.2 × 0.6–0.9 × 0.6–0.8 mm (length/width ratio 8.8–15); beak 1.8–2.5 mm; stylopodium conical, 0.25–0.3 mm wide; style 0.5–0.7 mm, rather thick, directed upwards. – Early summer.
[2n=18]
Distribution. Not indigenous (see under Habitat). – D c. 10 ephemeral occurrences 1905–70, mainly in the eastern parts, most recent in Sjæ Jyderup 1970. N less than 10 ephemeral occurrences along the coast north to Ho Bergen; ST Skaun 1938 (mill); most recent in VA Kristiansand 1959. S scattered and probably archaeosynanthropic (but weakly established) in coastal Sk (20 recent records, ± established in garden hedges in Saxtorp, Nilsson 1942), Öl (7 recent records, established in Räpplinge at least 1821–74) and Gtl (6 recent records, known as an arable weed from Visby 1745, 1897 and Sundre since 1934, and established on seashore in Ardre 1915–56); temporarily established in SmI Gryteryd since 1987 and Srm Mörkö 1862–1914 (park); elsewhere rare and more or less casual north to Vrm Järnskog 1943, Karlskoga 2003 (tip), Karlstad 1980’s and Upl several localities; Nb Övertorneå 1948 (garden escape). F reported altogether half a dozen times as a short-distance garden escape in V and U Helsinki, and once from a loading place. – Uncertain records from N NT Stjørdal 1945 (plant nursery) and S Dlr Borlänge (throwout; Almquist 1949).
Probably native to C, E and SE Europe and W Asia, elsewhere escaped from cultivation.
Habitat. Grown as a vegetable and medicinal plant since medieval time; escaped and sometimes self-sown in and around gardens, or escaped on roadsides, seashores and ruderal places, often remaining for some years but rarely truly established; a weed of poor arable fields at least in S Gtl.
Similar taxa. Anthriscus cerefolium is similar to A. caucalis but has slightly larger flowers; for further differences see key. – See also Chaerophyllum tainturieri.
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