Apiaceae for Flora Nordica

family introduction and key to genera		Taxa treated:		Our review process is web based, i.e. both drafts and close-to-final accounts are stored in our server; mistakes in linking do occur. Therefore, in case you want to refer to a treatment, be careful to include version code and date (left). Accounts which are not accessible from our public web site should not be cited. Please note that web links are subject to change. © Flora Nordica
by Lars Fröberg (6b, 20080220)

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, usually large. Root sometimes swollen. Stem often hollow except at the nodes. Leaves mostly compound with entire or ± deeply lobed leaflets, occasionally simple (entire or lobed), rarely capillary; leaf-sheath almost always present, sometimes with conspicuous tips (or rarely stipules free).

Inflorescence usually a compound umbel, with or without bracts and bractlets (fig. 1). Flowers small, 5-merous, frequently zygomorphic and unequal in size with the largest ones on the centrifugal side of the outer umbellules; sepals usually reduced or lacking; petals white, red-tinged, yellow or greenish yellow, usually emarginate to deeply bifid with the apex inflexed, lobes often ± unequal in zygomorphic flowers; stamens 5, usually with pale yellow anthers; ovary inferior, with 2 styles. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into 2 mericarps; carpophore usually present, with the mericarps hanging from the top after splitting (fig. 2). Mericarps with 5 primary ridges on the abaxial side (some or all sometimes ± reduced); 4 secondary ridges (between the primary ones, and usually much larger) present in some genera; resin ducts (vittae) immersed, usually 6, 1 in each interspace (vallecula) between the primary ridges (i.e. under the secondary ridges, if any) and 2 on the adaxial side of the mericarp, but sometimes additional vittae present, or vittae absent in ripe fruits; surface with or without hairs, bristles, spines or scales; style apical, usually widened at the base (stylopodium), bearing a reduced or capitate stigma.

Chromosome base-number variable, but mostly x = 11 (subfam. Apioideae) or x = 8 (subfam. Saniculoideae). B-chromosomes occur in some genera, but polyploidy and hybridization are rare (in Norden, hybridization occurs only in Heracleum).

Biology. Most species are insect-pollinated generalists visited by, e.g., coleopterans, dipterans and hymenopterans; in many species, umbellules have enlarged outer petals serving as means of attraction (thus mimicking single flowers); a few species are autogamous.

Although some species have only bisexual flowers, many are andromonoecious (having both bisexual and male flowers on the same individual). Usually, primary and secondary umbels have more bisexual flowers, while male flowers are fewer (or even absent); male flowers prevail in the later developed tertiary umbels. A similar distribution may be found within a single umbel or umbellule, with bisexual flowers prevailing in the outer, early developed parts and male flowers prevailing in the inner, late developed parts. This is probably an adaptation to cross pollination. However, the flowers may be distributed in other ways, e.g. in umbellules of Oenanthe fistulosa where inner flowers are bisexual and outer ones male.

Many fruits have traits which help them to be spread with wind (well developed ridges or wings), water (large, air-filled spaces in the ridges), or animals (hooks, hooked spines or hairs) are frequent. A few species are adapted to self-dispersal; e.g., in Scandix, the beak of the mericarp acts as a hygroscopic catapult.

Biologically active substances occur, some of them strongly poisonous (e.g., cicutoxine in Cicuta virosa and coniine in Conium maculatum), and several of medicinal interest; the distinctive scents of the many taxa used for their flavour or fragrance derive from essential oils contained in vittae and other resin ducts (cf. Hegnauer 1971, French 1971).

Taxonomy. The Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae) are closely related to the Araliaceae. The family Apiaceae has traditionally (Drude 1898) been divided into the subfamilies Hydrocotyloideae (Nordic representatives: Bowlesia, Hydrocotyle), Saniculoideae (Nordic representatives: Astrantia, Eryngium, Hacquetia, Lagoecia, Sanicula) and Apioideae (all others). Cladistic analyses indicate that this taxonomy is not quite satisfactory. An investigation on the morphology of a few representatives of Apiaceae and Araliaceae indicated that the two families are not monophylethic (Judd et al. 1994). According to molecular data, Apioideae and Saniculoideae are monophyletic (excepting Lagoecia which should be transferred to Apioidae), while Hydrocotyloideae is polyphyletic: Hydrocotyle is on the same clade as Araliaceae, while Bowlesia is on the same clade as Apioideae and Saniculoideae (Plunkett et al. 2004).

Molecular studies with the aim towards a new classification within Apioideae have revealed some lineages which have been recognized at tribal and subtribal levels (Downie et al. 2000), among a large “rest group” of unresolved genera. The following five tribes are represented in the Nordic countries (genera in parentheses): Bupleureae (Bupleurum), Oenantheae (Berula, Cicuta, Cryptotaenia, Helosciadium, Oenanthe, Sium), Pleurospermeae (Molopospermum, Pleurospermum), Smyrnieae (Smyrnium), and Scandiceae, the latter tribe divided into the three subtribes Daucinae (Cuminum, Daucus, Laserpitium , Orlaya), Scandicinae (Anthriscus, Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Myrrhis, Scandix) and Torilidinae (Caucalis, Torilis, Turgenia); Ligusticum is also loosely associated with the tribe Scandiceae.

Due to convergent evolution, the earlier emphasis on fruit characters resulted in para- and polyphyletic groups, also at generic level. E.g., according to Downie et al. (1998), Pastinaca falls within Heracleum, while Peucedanum and Angelica are polyphyletic (see also Pimenov & Leonov 1993). Further analyses are required that cover most of the representatives within the allegedly polyphyletic genera.

A few taxonomic changes have been made in this treatment. Hydrocotyle has been transferred to Araliaceae, while Bowlesia is kept in Apiaceae but transferred to the newly described subfamily Azorelloideae (Stevens 2001 onwards). Also the resurrection of Helosciadium affects the Nordic flora; while previously included in Apium, molecular evidence indicates that it is more closely related to other aquatic umbellifers in the tribe Oenantheae.

Collection and description of taxa. If possible, a collection should include the primary umbel, the best developed fruits, and the basal parts (if that is not possible, their characteristics should be noted). In heterophyllous taxa, both lower and upper leaves (or parts of them) should be included. The scent may also be of interest.

Stems are described as hollow if lower internodes are hollow. Hollow stems usually have solid nodes (exception: Pleurospermum austriacum), and some have more or less filled upper internodes.

Leaves are usually divided into leaflets, lobes and/or teeth. Leaflets may be stalked (petiolulate) or sessile, but their blade is always completely free from that of the next division. A primary leaflet may in turn be divided into leaflets. An ultimate leaflet refers to a leaflet of highest order (i.e., which is not further divided into leaflets, but which may be lobed, toothed or entire). The maximum order of division in a leaf is given in the form “x-pinnate” (e.g., 3-ternate leaves have ultimate leaflets of the third order; Anthriscus has 2-4-pinnate leaves with 2-3-pinnatifid leaflets). Lobes are separated by a cut (sinus) reaching more than halfway (but not all the way) to the midrib; the limit between teeth and lobes is often not distinct. An ultimate lobe/tooth refers to a division of highest order of an ultimate leaflet. Descriptions of ultimate leaflets cover only those which are terminal (i.e. at the end of a rachis of a pinnately divided leaflet). Likewise, descriptions of ultimate lobes/teeth cover only those which are terminal (i.e. at the end of a midrib/midvein of a pinnately divided lobe). Lateral leaflets/lobes/teeth are usually significantly smaller than terminal ones, which is why they have been omitted. The terminal ultimate lobe/tooth of any ultimate leaflet is an apical lobe/tooth; the apical leaflet is the ultimate leaflet at the apex of a leaf-blade. (See figs 3a and 3b; terminal ultimate leaflets are also indicated in drawings of leaves of narrow-lobed species.)

Characters of the ovary must be studied in bisexual or female flowers (male or sterile flowers may have vestigial female organs).

Petal size refers to the largest petals (NB that petals are usually distinctly smaller in tertiary umbels than in primary or secondary ones).

Number of umbellules and number and size of bracts are determined in an umbel with a high number of umbellules (leaf-like bracts that differ markedly from the ordinary ones have been omitted in the measurements). Number of flowers per umbellule and number and size of bractlets are determined in an umbellule with a high number of flowers (composite umbellules, in which 2 or more separate umbellules can be discerned, have been omitted in the measurements). In subfam. Saniculoidae, the flowers are assembled in simple umbels or heads, which are regarded to be homologous with the compound umbel in subfam. Apioidae (cf. Froebe 1964), and the foliate structures subtending them are thus regarded as bracts (not bractlets). The sizes of bracts and bractlets are measured before they wither, i.e. in umbels with unripe fruits; the sizes given are those of the largest ones.

Length of rays and pedicels are measured in umbels with ripe fruits; the lengths given are those of the longest ones in the umbel.

Mericarp size is given as length × width × thickness (fig. 4), including ridges, wings and other projections (but not stylopodium, style, hairs or bristles). Mericarp width is measured in the direction parallel to the division of the schizocarp, mericarp thickness at a right angle to the division of the schizocarp. Ridges refers to primary ones, unless otherwise specified. Vittae are best studied under a dissecting microscope; in a cross section viewed in reflecting light, vittae are recognized by their brown to dark brown walls (usually distinctly darker than the surrounding tissue). Dry fruits can usually be thinly sliced with a razor blade if they are well moistened.

Unconfirmed taxa

Spermolepis divaricata (Walter) Raf. (1830; S prärieselleri), a native of North America, is an annual which is similar to Cyclospermum leptophyllum, but the peduncle is at least as long as the longest ray; the umbellules have 2–4 bractlets; and the fruits are ovate in outline, papillose, and have conical stylopodia. The species was reported from Norden (Karlsson 1998), based on material from F EH Tampere 1980 (storage place; specimens originally determined as C. leptophyllum), but probably the specimens are mislabelled.

Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC. is a rhizomatous perennial with 2-ternate lower leaves, umbels with rays of unequal length, and fruits that are ± globose and blackish. It was reported from D Sjæ København 1989 (Faurholdt & Schou 2004), but the specimen derives from cultivation (escaped in Botanical Garden).

Tordylium maximum L. is a hispid annual or biennial with narrow-lobed leaves; the umbels are showy, with periferal petals much larger than the others, and the orbicular, dorsally compressed fruits have a thickened border. It has been reported from D without locality (Hansen 1981), but all studied specimens proved to be cultivated.

Trinia kitaibelii M. Bieb. is a small, dioecious herb with finely dissected leaves, umbels assembled in panicles, and ovoid fruits. It was reported from S Sk Malmö 1920 (mill; Blom 1921), but no vouchers have been found.

Shortcuts to the key

Some taxa have distinctive characters which appear late (or not at all) in the general key. Genera in which such characters occur are listed below, with a reference to key node(s).

1. Swollen, rounded or elongated taproots or tubers: Bunium (90) , Chaerophyllum (72, 87), Conopodium (65, 79, 90), Daucus (56), Elaeosticta (68), Oenanthe (76), Pastinaca (15), Petroselinum (89), Smyrnium(5, 13).

2. Purple-spotted stem: Chaerophyllum (25, 72, 87), Conium (48), Heracleum (20).

3. Submerged, finely divided leaves: Helosciadium (23), Oenanthe (76), Sium (33).

4. Leaves compound, ternately divided: Aegopodium (17), Cryptotaenia (41), Falcaria (39), Ligusticum (27, 41), Peucedanum (21).

5. Cartilaginous leaves: Eryngium (2), Falcaria (39).

6. Yellow or greenish-yellow petals (in fresh plants; please note that petals of Daucus and Laserpitium specimens may turn yellow when dried): Anethum (67), Angelica (21), Bupleurum (3), Crithmum (36), Elaeosticta (68), Foeniculum (66), Hacquetia (9), Heracleum (20), Levisticum (38), Pastinaca (15), Petroselinum (89), Ridolfia (67), Silaum (28, 86, 88), Smyrnium (5, 13).

7. Spines or hooks on ripe fruits: Anthriscus (44), Caucalis (55), Daucus (54, 56), Orlaya (57), Torilis (51), Turgenia (29).

8. Secondary ridges more developed than primary ones in ripe fruits: Caucalis (55), Daucus (54, 56), Laserpitium (19, 57, 71), Orlaya (57).

9. Ripe mericarps with an adaxial groove (see figs X and Y): Anthriscus (44), Chaerophyllum (25, 72, 87), Conium (48), Conopodium (65, 79, 90), Myrrhis (44, 55, 72), Scandix (43).

Key to all genera

Determination is possible for material in flower as well as in fruit.

1	Lower leaves simple (entire or palmately to pinnately lobed)	2
-	Lower leaves compound	10

2	At least upper leaves with spines (soft or pungent)	Eryngium
-	Leaves not spinose	3

3	Leaf margins entire to indistinctly serrulate	Bupleurum
-	Leaf margins distinctly crenate to serrate	4

4	Flowers in compound umbels	5
-	Flowers in simple umbels or heads	7

5	Leaves stem-clasping; petals yellow	Smyrnium
-	Leaves not stem-clasping; petals white	6

6	Umbels with 4–5 rays; bractlets 3	Coriandrum
-	Umbels with more than 8 rays; bractlets 0–2	Pimpinella

7	Leaves with stipules; blade not or shallowly lobed (sinuses not reaching below the middle)	Bowlesia
-	Leaves without stipules; blade deeply lobed (sinuses reaching below the middle)	8

8	Umbels with more than 10 bracts; flowers distinctly pedicellate	Astrantia
-	Umbels with less than 10 bracts; flowers sessile to subsessile	9

9	Bracts small; petals white	Sanicula
-	Bracts large and leaf-like; petals yellow	Hacquetia

10	Sepals pinnatifid, c. 3 mm (persistent on fruits)	Lagoecia
-	Sepals entire and small, or absent	11

11	Leaves “broad-lobed” (ultimate leaflets of lower aerial leaves entire or once pinnatifid; if more than once pinnatifid, then wider than 5 cm), cf. fig. 5	12
-	Leaves “narrow-lobed” (ultimate leaflets of lower aerial leaves at least twice pinnatifid and narrower than 5 cm, or all leaf-divisions ± capillary), cf. fig. 3b	42

12	Bractlets 0 or 1	13
-	Bractlets at least 2	18

13	Upper leaves stem-clasping	Smyrnium
-	Leaves not stem-clasping	14

14	Ovaries/fruits with patent or appressed hairs	Pimpinella
-	Ovaries/fruits glabrous	15

15	Petals yellow; mericarps dorsally flattened, with lateral ridges winged	Pastinaca
-	Petals white; mericarps not flattened, without wings	16

16	Peduncles shorter than 1 cm	Apium
-	Peduncles longer than 1 cm	17

17	Rays and pedicels papillose on the adaxial side	Aegopodium
-	Rays and pedicels glabrous	Pimpinella

18	Leaf sheaths wide, inflated	19
-	Leaf sheaths narrow to wide, not inflated	22

19	Stems solid; 4 secondary ridges that are winged; hairs only on the reduced primary ridges	Laserpitium latifolium
-	Stems hollow; only 2 lateral primary ridges winged; indumentum absent or evenly distributed	20

20	Stems with bristles; anthers longer than 0.7 mm	Heracleum
-	Stems glabrous or with papillae on the peduncles; anthers usually shorter than 0.7 mm	21

21	With a rhizome; leaves with distinctly biserrate margins	Peucedanum ostruthium
-	With a tap root; leaves with serrate to indistinctly biserrate margins	Angelica

22	Bracts 0–2	23
-	Bracts at least 3	29

23	Umbels with 2–4 umbellules	Helosciadium
-	Umbels with more than 4 umbellules	24

24	Ovaries/fruits ± smooth with low ridges	25
-	Ovaries/fruits with distinctly elevated ridges	27

25	Bractlets ciliate, border distinctly membranous	Chaerophyllum aromaticum
-	Bractlets not ciliate, border not or indistinctly membranous	26

26	Umbellules with less than 30 flowers; ovaries/fruits hairy	Pimpinella
-	Umbellules with more than 30 flowers; ovaries/fruits glabrous	Cicuta

27	Leaves ternate; leaflets with broad lobes or unlobed; margins crenate	Ligusticum
-	Leaves pinnate; leaflets with narrow lobes; margins ± entire	28

28	Angle leaflet/rachis larger than 70°; petals white	Cenolophium
-	Angle leaflet/rachis smaller than 70°; petals yellow	Silaum

29	Ovaries/fruits with bristles or spines	Turgenia
-	Ovaries/fruits glabrous	30

30	Aerial leaves once pinnate, with more than 2 pairs of leaflets	31
-	Aerial leaves more than once pinnate, or once pinnate with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets	34

31	Umbels with 3–6 umbellules	32
-	Umbels with more than 6 umbellules	33

32	Stem creeping and rooting with only peduncles and umbels erect; leaves with 3–5 pairs of leaflets	Helosciadium repens
-	At least upper part of stem erect; leaves with 5–8 pairs of leaflets	Petroselinum segetum

33	Leaflets more than 3 times as long as wide; terminal leaflet entire; stem angled to sulcate	Sium
-	Leaflets less than 3 times as long as wide; terminal leaflet usually 3-lobed; stem terete	Berula

34	Annual; bracts pinnatifid with linear lobes	Ammi
-	Biennial or perennial; bracts (if present) entire or pinnatifid with broad lobes	35

35	Bractlets 1 mm wide or more (if c.1 mm, then lanceolate)	36
-	Bractlets narrrower than 1 mm (if c. 1 mm, then ± linear) 39	39

36	Leaves fleshy; leaf-lobes entire	Crithmum
-	Leaves not fleshy; leaf-lobes serrate to crenate	37

37	Ultimate leaflets with more than 5 pairs of narrow lobes; bractlets 3	Molopospermum
-	Ultimate leaflets with less than 5 pairs of broad lobes; bractlets more than 7	38

38	Petals white, longer than 2 mm; mericarps distinctly papillose; ridges not winglike	Pleurospermum
-	Petals yellow, shorter than 2 mm ; mericarps not papillose; lateral ridges winglike	Levisticum

39	Leaves cartilaginous	Falcaria
-	Leaves not cartilaginous	40

40	Leaves pinnate with 4–6 pairs of primary leaflets; umbellules with more than 30 flowers	Cicuta
-	Leaves ternate with 1–2 pairs of primary leaflets; umbellules with less than 25 flowers	41

41	Rays distinctly unequal in length	Cryptotaenia
-	Rays not distinctly unequal	Ligusticum

42	Ovaries/fruits with a sterile beak	43
-	Ovaries/fruits without a sterile beak	45

43	Beak occupying more than half the length of the ovary/fruit; stylopodia elongated, almost cylindrical	Scandix
-	Beak occupying less than half the length of the ovary/fruit; stylopodia flattened to conical	44

44	Ultimate leaflets with at least 12 pairs of primary lobes/teeth; umbellules with more than 20 flowers; fruit longer than 15 mm	Myrrhis
-	Ultimate leaflets with less than 12 pairs of primary lobes/teeth; umbellules with less than 20 flowers; fruit shorter than 10 mm	Anthriscus

45	Ovaries and fruits with spines, bristles, hairs, papillae, tubercles, or undulating ridges	46
-	Ovaries and fruits ± smooth	60

46	Sepals filiform, longer than 1 mm	Cuminum
-	Sepals rounded to triangular, shorter than 1 mm or absent	47

47	Mericarps with blunt papillae or tubercles, which are less than twice as long as thick	48
-	Mericarps with acute (sometimes unciate to glochidiate) hairs, bristles or spines, which are more than twice as long as thick	51

48	Biennial; leaves with broad lobes	Conium
-	Annual; leaves with linear to capillary lobes	49

49	Ovaries/fruits with ridges transversally rugose	Capnophyllum
-	Projections on ovaries/fruits not transversally elongated	50

50	Umbels with several bracts and more than 7 rays; petals papillose on the outside	Trachyspermum
-	Umbels without bracts and with c. 3 rays; petals smooth	Ammoselinum

51	Mericarps with scabridulous spines (character clearly visible under high magnification)	Torilis
-	Mericarps with smooth spines, bristles or hairs	52

52	Projections on mericarp (appearing as bristles at anthesis, as spines or bristles in ripe fruit) forming distinct rows (at anthesis best seen when moistened)	53
-	Projections on mericarps (appearing as hairs both at anthesis and in ripe fruit) not in distinct rows	58

53	Bracts 0 or 1	54
-	Bracts at least 2	56

54	Rays distinctly unequal in length	Daucus glochidiatus
-	Rays not distinctly unequal	55

55	Umbels with 2–4 rays	Caucalis
-	Umbels with more than 9 rays	Myrrhis

56	Bracts pinnatifid	Daucus
-	Bracts entire	57

57	Outer petals in umbels several times larger than the others; secondary ridges of mericarps with unciate to glochidiate spines; primary ridges with short bristles	Orlaya
-	Petals in umbels not of distinctly different sizes; secondary ridges of mericarps winglike; primary ridges with long bristles	Laserpitium hispidum

58	Bracts and bractlets present, distinctly ciliate	Seseli libanotis
-	Bracts and bractlets absent or present but not ciliate	59

59	Bractlets 1–7	Pimpinella peregrina
-	Bractlets more than 7	Seseli

60	Bractlets 0–2	61
-	Bractlets more than 2	68

61	Umbels sessile to subsessile, with 1–4 umbellules	Cyclospermum
-	Umbels distinctly pedunculate, with more than 4 umbellules	62

62	At least lower leaves flat, minutely papillose; petals white	63
-	All leaves capillary, without papillae; petals yellow	66

63	Annual; fruit dimidiate (divided into 2 lobes)	Bifora
-	Biennial or perennial; fruit not dimidiate	64

64	Upper leaves with lobes at the base of the sheath	Carum
-	Upper leaves without basal lobes	65

65	Plant with a ± rounded tuber; upper leaves with the sheath shorter than the blade; stylopodium gradually tapering into the style	Conopodium
-	Plant with an entire or branched taproot (not swollen); upper leaves with the sheath longer than the blade; stylopodium thick with a narrow style	Pimpinella

66	Perennial; petals longer than 5 mm; stylopodium high conical	Foeniculum
-	Annual; petals shorter than 5 mm; stylopodium flat to low conical	67

67	Scentless; upper half of petals with almost parallel sides, apex truncate; mericarps not flattened, all ridges low	Ridolfia
-	Aromatic; petals tapering from the middle, with a distinctly narrower apex; mericarps flattened, the lateral ridges winglike	Anethum

68	Upper leaves without a blade	Elaeosticta
-	Upper leaves with a distinct (though sometimes small) blade	69

69	Leaf-lobes capillary	Meum
-	Leaf-lobes flat	70

70	Bractlets ciliate	71
-	Bractlets not ciliate (but sometimes with papillae on the edges)	73

71	Sepals longer than 0.3 mm; mericarp ridges 4, winglike	Laserpitium halleri
-	Sepals absent; mericarps ridges 5, not winglike	72

72	Rays hairy; mericarp ridges elevated, ± triangular in transection	Myrrhis
-	Rays glabrous or with bristles; mericarp ridges low and indistinct	Chaerophyllum

73	Largest sepals distinct, longer than 0.3 mm	74
-	Largest sepals indistinct, shorter than 0.3 mm, or sepals absent	77

74	Annual; bractlets 3	Coriandrum
-	Perennial; bractlets more than 5	75

75	Ultimate leaflets with primary lobes that are all large and evenly serrate	Cicuta
-	Ultimate leaflets with primary lobes, that are gradually diminuishing into coarse, blunt teeth towards the apex	76

76	Umbels with up to 16 umbellules; rays not or indistinctly papillose; mericarps not flattened, without wings	Oenanthe
-	Umbels with more than 16 umbellules (if less with distinctly papillose rays); mericarps flattened with ± distinct lateral wings	Peucedanum

77	Bracts pinnatifid	Ammi
-	Bracts entire or absent	78

78	Angle leaflet/rachis larger than 70°	79
-	Angle leaflet/rachis smaller than 70°	81

79	Umbels with less than 17 rays; bractlets 0–4	Conopodium
-	Umbels with more than 16 rays; bractlets more than 5	80

80	Umbels with more than 4 bracts; lateral ridges winged in ripe fruits, but no ridges visible at anthesis (ovaries smooth)	Peucedanum oreoselinum
-	Umbels without bracts; all ridges unwinged and equally high in ripe fruits, ridges visible at anthesis	Cenolophium

81	Rays distinctly papillose on one side (upper/inner side)	82
-	Rays without distinct papillae	87

82	Bracts and bractlets with a wide and distinct, usually whitish membranous border; ridges of ripe mericarps unequal (2 lateral ones winged, 3 dorsal ones low)	Peucedanum palustre
-	Bracts/bractlets ± green (membranous border absent, indistinct or narrow); ridges of ripe mericarps ± equal (all 5 high or winged)	83

83	Bractlets deflexed, all on the abaxial side of the ray	Aethusa
-	Bractlets not deflexed, ± evenly distributed around the umbellule	84

84	Leaves with a wide sheath; stems hollow	85
-	Leaves with a narrow sheath; stems solid	86

85	Leaf edges folded; stem tube less than half of the stem diameter	Selinum dubium
-	Leaf edges not folded; stem tube more than half of the stem diameter	Conioselinum

86	Umbels with less than 20 umbellules; petals yellow	Silaum
-	Umbels with more than 20 umbellules; petals white	Selinum

87	Bractlets connate at base, deflexed at least after anthesis	Chaerophyllum
-	Bractlets not connate, not deflexed	88

88	Petals yellow, minutely papillose on the outside; ovaries/fruits with high and wide ridges in cross section	Silaum
-	Petals white, or if yellowish not papillose; ovaries smooth, fruits with low and narrow ridges in cross section	89

89	Plant with a narrow to swelled tap rot; petals yellowish white or greenish white, not papillose on either side	Petroselinum crispum
-	Plant with a ± rounded tuber; petals completely white, except for the brown midrib, minutely papillose at least on the inside	90

90	Edges of upper leaves with distinct papillae; bracts 0–2	Conopodium
-	Edges of upper leaves with indistinct papillae; bracts at least 5	Bunium

manus

References To top

Blom, C. 1921: Några anmärkningsvärda adventiv- och ruderatväxtfynd vid Malmö åren 1912–20. Bot. Not. 1921: 43–45.

Downie, S.R., Ramanath, S., Katz-Downie, D.S. & Llanas, E. 1998: Molecular systematics of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and plastid rpoC1 intron sequences. Am. Journ. Bot. 85: 563–591.

Downie, S.R., Katz-Downie, D.S. & Watson, M.F. 2000: A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl16 and rpoC1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioidae. Am. Journ. Bot. 87: 273–292.

Drude, C.G.O. 1898: Umbelliferae. In A. Engler & K. Prantl (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 (8): 63–250. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Faurholdt, N. & Schou J.C. 2004: Nordiske skærmplanter. København.

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