1. Clarkia amoena (Lehm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. - map
Nelson & Macbride, Bot. Gaz. 65: 62 (1918). – Oenothera amoena Lehm., Ind. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 8 (1821). – Godetia amoena (Lehm.) G. Don (1839). –Described from cultivated material probably from California, Sonoma County
D Atlaskblomst. F isosilkkikukka. N atlasblom. S atlasblomma.
Stem simple or diffusely branched, 10–30(–100) cm, with minute appressed hairs in the upper part. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate; blade 2–6 cm, linear to lanceolate or ovate, entire or with some inconspicuous teeth.
Inflorescence relatively shorter than in C. unguiculata; flowers one to few, erecto-patent; pedicels short or rarely up to 30 mm; bracts like lower leaves but smaller. Hypanthium obconical, 3–10 mm. Sepals mostly 10–25 mm, reflexed at anthesis, some usually remaining united, often purplish green. Petals 15–60 mm, obovate to cuneate, pink to purple or rarely yellowish white, usually with a big, bright red central blotch. Stamens 8, all similar; filaments white to lavender; anthers lavender or yellowish but often with a red streak or blotch. Capsule 15–40 × 2–3 mm, fusiform to linear. Seeds 1.5 mm.
[2n=14]
Distribution. Grown for ornament and sometimes escaped, mainly on waste ground. D ØJy Århus 1927, VJy Thyborøen 2003, Sjæ several records 1913–91. N Øf Fredrikstad 1975, Ak Aker 1933, Oslo 1946, Op Ringebu 2003, Vf Borre 1999, Lardal 1990, Larvik 2002, AA Bygland 2001, VA Kristiansand 1973, 1983, Mandal 2002, Ro Rennesøy 2000, ST Oppdal 1946, Trondheim 1946, 1994. S scattered; northernmost records Nrk Hallsberg 2007, Örebro 2005, Upl Österåker 2000, Gst Valbo 2003 and Nb Pajala 1997. F V Turku 1948, U several records 1912–79, EH Vilppula 1949, PeP Keminmaa 1990.
Material referrable to subsp. amoena has been seen from N Ak Aker 1933 (horticultural farm), ST Trondheim 1946 (refuse heap), 1994 (roadside), S Sk Malmö 1920 (waste ground), Limhamn 1950 (ley field), Ängelholm 1996 (former dump), SmI Säby 1992 (waste ground). Material referrable to subsp. whitneyi has been seen from S Sk Östra Broby 1997 (landfill) , Klm Torsås 1998 (dump) and Öl Köping 2008.
Western N America; widely grown for ornament (since the early 19th century) and in some areas more or less naturalized.
Variation. Clarkia amoena is extremely variable; five subspecies were recognized by Lewis & Lewis (1955). Three of these have contributed to recently cultivated strains: subsp. amoena, subsp. lindleyi (Douglas) F.H. Lewis & M.E. Lewis 1955 (Godetia grandiflora Lindley 1841), and subsp. whitneyi (A. Gray) F.H. Lewis & M.E. Lewis 1955 (Godetia whitneyi (A. Gray) T. Moore 1871, Clarkia whitneyi (A.Gray) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. 1918). In subsp. whitneyi the immature capsule is widened at the middle (broader than 5 mm) and has 8 unequal grooves (the other subspecies have cylindrical capsules with 4 grooves); in subsp. lindleyi the inflorescence is lax and the flowers are very showy (petals mostly 40–60 mm; in the other subspecies 15–40 mm. Most garden plants can not be classified with a subspecies, and escapes are often not in a state that would allow determination.
Similar taxa. Clarkia amoena is similar to the rare casual C. rubicunda.
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2. Clarkia unguiculata Lindl. - map.
Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1981 (1837). – Described from California.
C. elegans Dougl. (1833) non Poir. (1817).
F komeaklarkia. N hageklarkia. S clarkia.
Glabrous and ± glaucous herb. Stem simple or branched, to 80 cm. Leaves distinctly petiolate; blade 2–5 cm, ovate to lanceolate, remotely and shallowly dentate to almost entire.
Inflorescence constituting a large part of the plant height; flowers few to several, pendent in bud, erectopatent at anthesis, usually double; pedicels short or absent; bracts like lower leaves. Hypanthium campanulate, 2–5 mm. Sepals 10–16 mm, some often remaining united, with numerous, long, patent, thin hairs. Petals 10–25 mm, with claw about as long as the broadly ovate to fan-shaped blade, entire but often serrate and/or crispate, variously coloured but often purplish, appendices of claw mostly subbasal and inconspicuous but sometimes in escaped cultivars prolonged and with small blades. Stamens 8; anthers red in outer stamens, white in inner ones. Capsule 15–30 × 2 mm, straight or curved, hairy like the sepals.
[2n=18]
Distribution and habitat. Grown for ornament at least since the 1860’s (S Sk, Lilja 1870) and sometimes escaped; mainly recent records, only few from before 1950. D single records from all provinces except FyL and Brn. N scattered north to SF Jølster 1958, Ho Kvinnherad 1936 and He Ringsaker 2001. S scattered north to Vrm, Nrk and Upl; Gst Hille 1900, Vb Umeå 1909. F V Turku 1948, U at least Tammisaari 1917, KP Raahe 2003.
Central and southern California; widespread as an ornamental and a ruderal.
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Clarkia pulchella Pursh 1813 ( C. elegans Poir. 1817, non Douglas 1833). F sirosilkkikukka . N klaseklarkia. S fjärilsclarkia. – Stem 10–50 cm, simple or usually branched, glabrous or usually finely hairy. Leaves 2–10 cm, linear to lanceolate, subsessile. Racemes lax, bracteate, with short dense indumentum on most parts. Sepals 10–25 mm, some often remaining united above during anthesis. Petals 10–30 mm, with deeply 3-lobed blade (or undivided, fan-shaped in one cultivar) and a pair of short but conspicuous appendices high up on the claw, pink to purple or rarely white. Stamens 8; anthers large, variously coloured in outer stamens, small, pale, sterile in inner ones. Capsule 10–30 mm, straight to curved. – [2n=24]
Grown at least since the 1860’s ( S Sk, Lilja 1870) and occasionally escaped. N Ak Asker 1897 (potato field), Frogn 1987, Oslo 1945, Ro Strand 1919 (garden weed), Ho Bergen 1927 (chicken run), Voss 1926. S Sk Malmö 1930’s, Åhus 1928, SmI Eksjö 1900 (garden weed), Växjö 1923, Vg Sandhem 1899, Srm Nyköping 1903 (ruderal ground), Upl Järfälla 1916 (tip). F V Turku (Itäharju) 1948 (ruderal area). – W North America. - Map.
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Clarkia purpurea (Curtis) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. subsp. quadrivulnera (Douglas) F.H. Lewis & M.E. Lewis 1955 ( Godetia quadrivulnera (Douglas) Spach 1835). S purpurclarkia. – To 60 cm. Stem simple or with branches crowded above. Leaves subsessile, linear to lanceolate, up to 4 cm, the largest ones usually narrower than 10 mm. Petals 5–25 mm, obovate-cuneate, lavender to red or purple, often with dark spot. Stamens 8. Capsule 10–30 × 3–5 mm. Seeds 1 mm. – [2n=52].
S Upl Uppsala 1919 (with cereals). – From Arizona and California north to British Columbia. - Documentation of reports (not mapped).
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Clarkia rubicunda (Lindley) F.H. Lewis & M.E. Lewis 1953. S rubinclarkia. – Similar to C. amoena (1) but flowers slightly smaller (petals to 2.5 cm), pink with a dark purple, fairly small basal blotch (petals of C. amoena usually have a central purple blotch covering most of the petal); stamens with dark red anthers (in C. amoena yellow, sometimes with a purple blotch) and pink filaments. – [2n=14].
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