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1. Oenothera canovirens E.S. Steele Map Ill. To top
Steele, Contr. U.S. National Herb. 13: 365 (1911). – Type: USA, Illinois, Morgan Co., 2 miles S of Concord, 14.VIII.1910, Steele (US) holotype..
O. renneri H. Scholz (1956).
O. villosa auct., non Thunb. (1794).
D ***. F hallavahelokki. N grånattlys. S grågrönt nattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem 60–100 cm, erect, usually unbranched, green or slightly flushed with red, fairly densely covered with short, soft, crispate hairs and with scattered erectopatent, longer hairs which are not or only slightly thickened at the base (thickened base, if present, usually not red). Stem leaves lanceolate, shallowly and distantly dentate, 3.2–6.8 × 0.6–2.2 cm, fairly densely and softly hairy from short, appressed hairs, flat, pale grey-green; midrib white or rarely slightly reddish at the base.
Inflorescence a fairly loose, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis green or slightly reddish towards the top, hairy like the stem. Hypanthium 20–35 mm, moderately strongly hairy from long, ± patent hairs and with glandular hairs. Buds green or slightly flushed with red when mature, densely hairy from long, ± appressed, whitish hairs, without or with few glandular hairs; sepal-tips 1.2–2 mm, pressed together. Sepals 10–14 mm. Petals yellow, obovate with emarginate apex, very variable in size, 7–25 × 7–25 mm, as long as wide. Anthers 6–9 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 4–9 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 25–40 mm, grey-green, densely covered with short, soft, crispate hairs and numerous semi-appressed longer hairs which are not thickened at the base; teeth emarginate. Seeds angular, chestnut brown, 1–2.2 × 0.3–1.3 mm.
[2n=14]
Distribution and habitat. Casual in ports, railway yards and mills, brought in with, e.g. cereals; first record 1923 S BhG Göteborg. – D NJy Ålborg 1933, Flade Bakker 1969, ØJy Himmelbjerget 1938, Horsens 1916 (docks), Vejle 1916, 1929, 1933 (docks, mill), Sjæ Farum 1934, Fløng 2004 (gravel pit), København (ruderal ground; 3 records 1912–29), Værløse 1965. N Øf Råde 1950, Ak Bærum 1895, Oslo 1929, Te Kragerø 1933, 1989, Porsgrunn 1972, VA Søgne 1961, Ho Bergen 1920 (mill), 1958, Osterøy 1928, ST Skaun 1934. S Sk Malmö 1924, SmI Älmhult 1931 (railway yard), Hl Falkenberg 1937 (mill), Halmstad 1948, 2002, 2005, 2006, BhG Göteborg 1924, Strömstad 2004, Västra Frölunda 1947 (mill), Nrk Örebro 1937, Upl Stockholm 1928 (railway yard), Gst Gävle 1926 (docks). F U Hanko 1949, Helsinki several records 1939–70, Tammisaari 1958, EH Tampere 1932 and 1933, EP Alavus 1930, Vaasa 1950, PS Kuopio 1970, OP Oulu 1926, 1935.
North America; anthropochorous in Europe.
Biology. An autogamous, permanent structural heterozygote (a ring of 14 chromosomes formed at meiosis metaphase I).
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera canovirens are known with O. subterminalis Gates (not found in Norden); they are treated as a species, O. wratislaviensis, which is a rare casual in Norden.
Similar taxa. Oenothera canovirens is similar to O. depressa (2; see key) and the rare casuals O. villosa and O. wienii.
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2. Oenothera depressa Greene Map Ill. To top
Greene, Pittonia 2: 216 (1891). – Type: USA, Montana, Yellowstone Co., near Custer (cultivated at Berkeley, California), 1891, Greene (UC) holotype
O. bauri Boedijn (1924).
O. hungarica (Borbás) Borbás (1903).
O. salicifolia Desf. ex G. Don (1832).
O. strigosa auct., non (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush (1902).
O. villosa auct., non Thunb. (1794).
D ***. F karheahelokki. N møllenattlys. S strävt nattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem 100–200 cm, unbranched or rarely branched below, green but usually flushed with red below, fairly densely covered with short, soft, crispate hairs and with scattered erectopatent, longer hairs with a low, conical, red base. Stem leaves lanceolate, shallowly and distantly dentate, 4.2–10.2 × 1.1–3.1 cm, fairly densely and softy hairy from short, appressed hairs, usually crinkled and with twisted apex, pale green; midrib at first white but later turning red at the base.
Inflorescence a fairly loose, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis reddish towards the top or sometimes throughout, hairy like the stem and sometimes in addition with a few glandular hairs towards the top. Flowers cleistogamous or chasmogamous. Hypanthium 28–35 mm, moderately hairy from long, ± patent hair and with glandular hairs. Buds red-striped, densely hairy from long, ± appressed, whitish hairs and usually with a few glandular hairs; sepal-tips 2–4 mm, pressed together. Sepals 12–20 mm. Petals yellow, obovate with emarginate apex, 15–20 ×15–20 mm, about as long as wide. Anthers 5–8 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 6–11 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 30–45 × 5–7 mm, grey-green, densely covered with short, crispate hairs and with numerous semi-appressed longer hairs with a low, conical, red base (fading with age); upper capsules also with some glandular hairs; capsule teeth emarginate. Seeds angular, chocolate brown, 1–2.1 × 0.3–1.5 mm.
[2n=14]
Distribution. Nem–BNem(–MBor). – D NJy Risum 1929, FyL Svendborg 1910, Sjæ Farum 1930, Køge 1932. N first record 1920 ( Ho Bergen); rare in coastal towns; Øf Halden 1945, 1968, 1986 (old ballast), Moss 1927, 1937, Ak Oslo several records 1923–35, Vf Larvik 1930, Tjøme 1963, Te Notodden 1936, VA Søgne 1963, Ho Bergen several finds 1920–71 (mill) and Vaksdal 1928 and ST Skaun several finds 1924–42 (mill). S first record 1884 ( Gst Gävle); Sk 5 localities, temporarily established in Vomb 1942–71 (gravel pit), Gtl Othem 1998 (tip), Klm Kalmar 1918, 1935, 1946 (docks, railway area), SmI Bergunda 1925, 1927, Hl Halmstad 2002, 2005, Vinberg 3 localities 2002–05, BhG 7 localities, in Strömstad known since 1927 (railway), Srm Nacka 1919, 1933 (mill), Ösmo 1923, Vsm Karbenning 1963 (railway area), Upl Djurö 1931 (arable field), Stockholm 1922–54 (railway area, temporarily established), Uppsala 1928 (poultry yard), Gst Gävle 1884 (railway area). F V at least Turku 1942 (railway), U several records from Hanko and Tammisaari area (first 1937, apparently resident along railway), Helsinki several records 1924–2001 (resident), along railway also in Kirkkonummi 1965 and Vantaa 1970, 1983, EK Hamina 1949, 1955 (docks), EH along railways, at least Janakkala 1961, Riihimäki 1987, Tampere 1932, ES Kouvola 1927–85 (railway yard), Valkeala 2000, EP Vaasa 1930’s–40’s, PS Kuopio 1900–65 (mill, railway), OP Oulu 1927 (railway).
North America; anthropochorous in Europe.
Habitat. Dry, open, disturbed soil; mainly railway areas but also mills and docks (at least partly with ballast), and occasionally gravel pits, tips, arable fields and poultry yards. Probably all occurences represent dispersal with goods or traffic; never recorded as an escape, although known to have been cultivated in F (V Mietoinen 1984, Turku 1924, 1942, U Helsinki 1913–14, Tammisaari 1944, EH Tampere 1908–33). The species has a tendency to establish locally but does not spread to new localities like O. biennis and O. rubricaulis. Outside F there are very few records after 1950.
Variation. The leaves are usually characteristically crinkled, but the rare f. angustifolia Rostański has flat, unusually narrow leaves. It has been found in railway areas in S Klm Kalmar 1935, BhG Strömstad 1950 and Upl Stockholm 1930 (together with the normal form) as well as in F U Helsinki 1951 and Töölö 1932.
Biology. An autogamous, permanent structural heterozygote (a ring of 14 chromosomes formed at meiosis metaphase I).
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera depressa are known with O. biennis (4) and O. rubricaulis (9). The hybrid O. biennis × depressa (with O. biennis as the female parent) is treated as a species, O. scandinavica (3), whereas the reciprocal hybrid, O. depressa × biennis, is treated under Hybrids. Hybridization with O. rubricaulis as the female parent has given rise to two fairly different-looking taxa currently treated as species, O. hoelscheri and O. wienii (see Rare casuals), whereas the reciprocal hybrid, O. depressa × rubricaulis, is treated under Hybrids.
Similar taxa. Oenothera depressa is similar to O. canovirens (1), O. scandinavica (3), O. villosa and O. wienii (rare casuals).
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3. Oenothera scandinavica Rostański Map Ill. To top
Rostański, Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 394 (2007). – O. depressa f. latibracteata Rostański, Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 11: 510. – Type: S Sk Hyby (Klågerup), 28.VII.1924, F.H. Ander (LD) holotype.
D ***. Fa ***. I ***. F ***. N ***. S nordiskt nattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem unbranched or rarely branched below, green but sometimes flushed with red below, fairly densely covered with short, soft, crispate hairs and with scattered erectopatent, longer hairs with a low, conical, red base. Stem leaves broadly lanceolate, shallowly and distantly dentate, 7–14 × 3.4–5 cm, fairly densely and softy hairy from short, appressed hairs, usually crinkled and with twisted apex; midrib red, at least at the base.
Inflorescence a fairly loose, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis green throughout or sometimes reddish towards the top, hairy like the stem. Flowers cleistogamous or chasmogamous. Hypanthium 25–30 mm, moderately hairy from long, ± patent hair and with glandular hairs. Buds green, fairly densely hairy from long, semi-appressed, whitish hairs and glandular hairs; sepal-tips 1–3 mm, pressed together. Sepals 11–20 mm. Petals yellow, obovate with emarginate apex, 12–20 ×12–20 mm, about as long as wide. Anthers 4–7 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 6–10 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 25–35 × 5–6 mm, grey-green, densely covered with short, crispate hairs and with numerous semi-appressed to erectopatent longer hairs which are not or only slightly thickened at the base (thickened base, if present, not red); upper capsules also with some glandular hairs; capsule teeth emarginate.
Distribution and habitat. Dry, sandy, disturbed, open soil, especially railway areas, docks, mills and tips. First collected in 1884 (S Srm Stockholm); 65% of the finds were made in the 1930’s and 1940’s and there are only 7 records after 1990. It is not known whether O. scandinavica has arisen separately in each place where it was collected, or if it is spreading as an independent taxon. – D FyL Odense 1916 (docks). N Ak Oslo 1927, 1934, Vf Larvik 1998, Te Kragerø 1889, Porsgrunn 1964, VA Kristiansand 1948 (tip), Ho Bergen 1929 (mill), Osterøy 1927, ST Skaun 1924, 1930, 1938 (mill). S Sk Klågerup 1924 (railway area), Kristianstad 1925 (mill), Västra Broby 1999 (tip), Klm Högsby 1903 (railway area), Kalmar 1925 (docks), SmI Bergunda 1927, Värnamo 2000, Hl Halmstad 2005, Laholm 2001, BhG Angered 1924, 1937 (mill), Göteborg 1945, Landvetter 1930 (tip), Mölndal 1951, Nödinge 2002 (tip), Tanum 1906, Srm Botkyrka 1934 (gravel pit), Nacka 1917, 1929, 1932 (mill), Stockholm 1884, Vsm Karbenning 1963 (railway area), Västerås 1926 (docks), Upl Kårsta 1999 (tip). F V Lohja 1934 (railway area), U Helsinki several records 1921–66 (railway area, tip), Tammisaari 1932, 1939, Vantaa 1954, EH Heinola 1882, Janakkala 1977, Tampere 1932, ES Kouvola 1930 (railway area), PS Kuopio 1930, 1932, KP Kokkola 1931, OP Oulu 1927, 1934.
Not known outside Norden; possibly arisen from the hybrid O. biennis × depressa. (The reciprocal hybrid, O. depressa × biennis, is treated as a hybrid.)
Similar taxa. Oenothera depressa (2); for differences see the key.
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4. Oenothera biennis L. Map Ill. To top
L., Sp. pl.: 346 (1753). – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 484.1 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Gates, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 45: 587 (1911).
D Toårig Natlys. Fa ***. I ***. F iltahelokki. N vanleg nattlys. S nattljus.
Literature. Kraft 1994.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem 100–150 cm, unbranched or branched, green or sometimes flushed with red, with moderately dense short, arcuate hairs and with erectopatent longer hairs with a fairly low, conical, greenish (or, on red markings on the stem, brownish) base. Stem leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7–11.5 × 1.8–3.3 cm, 2.5–4 times as long as wide, very shallowly dentate or frequently almost entire, fairly sparsely hairy, flat; midrib red.
Inflorescence a fairly dense, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis green throughout, in the lower part hairy like the stem, in the upper part with glandular hairs instead of short, arcuate hairs. Hypanthium 28–35 mm (rarely shorter), with numerous glandular hairs. Buds green, with numerous glandular hairs and a few long, patent hairs; sepal-tips 3–6 mm, pressed together below, somewhat divergent above. Sepals 18–30 mm. Petals pure yellow, broadly obovate with emarginate apex, distinctly wider than long, 15–30 ×18–35 mm (rarely reduced, almost linear). Anthers 5–10 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 5–15 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 20–35 × 6.5–8 mm, green, with numerous glandular hairs and with numerous arcuate, stiff hairs which sometimes have a conical (but never red) base; teeth obtuse. Seeds angular, chocolate brown, 1.2–2.2 × 0.5–1.7 mm.
[2n=14]
Distribution. Nem–BNem(–MBor). – D first collected in 1841 (Sjæ Tibirke); fairly common almost throughout but rare in Brn (Hasle 1859–1996 and Rønne 1861). N first collected in 1844 (Ak Oslo); fairly rare (perhaps not established) in the southeast north to Ak Bærum and Oslo and Op Gran; along the southern coast from Te Porsgrunn to VA Lyngdal at least locally resident; casual in Ro Haugesund 1920, Ho Odda 1923 and Bergen 1973, ST Skaun 1930–42 (mill) and Trondheim 1946. S first collected in 1821 (Upl Stockholm); fairly common north to BhG, Vg, Nrk and Srm and scattered in Upl; rare and probably not fully established in Dls, southern Vrm and southeastern Vsm; further north a rare casual: Dlr Stora Tuna 1934 (ironworks), Gst Sandviken 1847, 1998, Hls Hudiksvall 1951 and Hälsingtuna 2003 (tip), Mpd Skön 1890 (ballast) and Nb Nederkalix 1990, 1996 and 2002 and Piteå 2004 (tips). F first collected in 1862 (V Turku); rare in V and U; otherwise collected at least in EK Kotka 1989, Virolahti 1963, EH Heinola 1935, Hollola 1992 (resident along railway), EP Vaasa 1946 (railway area), PS Kuopio several records 1921–44, KP Kokkola 1915, PeP Kemi 1998.
Temperate Europe, eastern Asia; not known from North America.
Habitat. Dry, sandy or gravelly, sun-exposed, ± vegetation-free, disturbed ground, especially gravel-pits, roadsides, roadbanks, railway areas, tips, docks and industry ground; in Norden not known from more natural localities. This species was frequently grown for ornament in the 19th and early 20th century (later replaced with, e.g., O. glazioviana, 7), and its first occurrences in the wild were probably due to dispersal from gardens. In the 20th century it increased in frequency due to dispersal with traffic (but much less so than O. rubricaulis, 9), probably partly as an new introduction from C Europe.
Variation. A striking variant (var. leptomeres Bartlett) with linear, only 1–2 mm wide petals, has sometimes been grown as a curiosity. It has been found in D Sjæ Søllerød 1992 (ruderal ground) and in S Nrk Mosjö 1994 and Örebro 1990 (gravel pits, with garden refuse; forming homogeneous stands observed for several years).
Specimens with shorter hypanthium (only 13–25 mm) and petals (only 14–20 × 17–25 mm) have been collected in tips in S Sk Höja 2000, Kropp 1998, Malmö 1997 and Munka-Ljungby 2000.
Biology. An allogamous, permanent structural heterozygote (one ring of 8 and one ring of 6 chromosomes formed at meiosis metaphase I).
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera biennis are known with O. ammophila (11), O. depressa (2), O. fallax (6), O. glazioviana (7), O. perangusta (8) and O. rubricaulis (9).
O. ammophila × biennis is treated under Hybrids; the reciprocal hybrid (with O. biennis as the female parent) is treated as a species, O. albipercurva (see Rare casuals).
O. biennis × depressa (with O. biennis as the female parent) is treated as a species, O. scandinavica (3); the reciprocal hybrid, O. depressa × biennis, is treated under Hybrids.
O. biennis × fallax (with O. biennis as the female parent) is treated under Hybrids.
O. biennis × glazioviana (with O. biennis as the female parent) is treated under Hybrids; the reciprocal hybrid, O. glazioviana × biennis, is treated as a species, O. fallax (6).
O. biennis × perangusta (with O. biennis as the female parent) is treated under Hybrids.
The hybrids with O. rubricaulis are treated as species, O. biennis × rubricaulis (with O. biennis as the female parent) as O. casimiri (5), and O. rubricaulis × biennis as O. rubricauloides (10).
Similar taxa. Oenothera deflexa, O. nuda, O. suaveolens and O. victorinii (rare casuals).
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5. Oenothera casimiri Rostański Map Ill. To top
Rostański, Genus Oenothera E. Europe: 21 (2004). – Type: Lithuania, Druskininkai, 18.VIII.1999, C. Zarzycki (KTU) holotype.
D ***. Fa ***. I ***. F ***. N ***. S baltiskt nattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem to 150 cm, unbranched or branched, green, with moderately dense short, arcuate hairs and with erectopatent longer hairs with a fairly low, conical, greenish base. Stem leaves elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, distantly dentate, sparsely hairy, flat; midrib red.
Inflorescence a fairly dense, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis green throughout, in the lower part hairy like the stem, in the upper part with glandular hairs instead of short, arcuate hairs. Hypanthium 20–25 mm, with numerous glandular hairs and a few long, patent hairs. Buds green, with glandular hairs and some long, patent hairs; sepal-tips c. 3 mm, pressed together below, slightly divergent to appressed above. Sepals 15–20 mm. Petals yellow, broadly obovate with emarginate apex, as long as wide or slightly longer, 15–20(–22) × 15–18 mm. Anthers 5–6 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 5–7 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 30–35 × 7 mm, with numerous glandular hairs and with numerous arcuate, stiff hairs which sometimes have a conical (but never red) base; teeth obtuse.
Distribution and habitat. Dry, sandy or gravelly, disturbed, open soil, especially roadsides, filling soil, railway areas, ruderal ground, tips, gravel-pits and sandy fields. First collected in 1854 (S Srm Eskilstuna, together with O. biennis), but 50% of the finds were made later than 1980. Its increase is probably related to the fact that O. rubricaulis has become commoner during the late 1900’s. It is not known whether O. casimiri has arisen separately in all its localities or if it is spreading as an independent taxon. As far as known it is nowhere established. – D NJy 3 localities, ØJy 6 localities, SJy Kollund Bjerg 1997, LFM Bogø 1997, Sjæ 7 localities. N Øf Fredrikstad 1932, Bu Hurum 1999, Vf Hof 2003, Larvik several records 1965–92, Te Porsgrunn 1994, AA Tvedestrand 1986, Risør 1965. S Sk Båstad 1931 and 19 localities 1995–2002, Bl Jämjö 1994, Ronneby 1994, 2006, Öl Köpinge 1891, Klm Ljungby 2002, Hl Halmstad 1955, 2005, Snöstorp 2005, Varberg 2005, Ölmevalla 1959, BhG Göteborg 1933, Landvetter 1901, Svarteborg 2002, Svenneby 1947, Dls Åmål 1897, 1901, Vg Amnehärad 1883, Borgstena 1990’s, Fritsla 1955, Onsala 1940, Ög Linköping 2000, Srm Botkyrka 1889, 1892, 1911, Eskilstuna 1854, Upl Stockholm 1888, 1999, 2001. F U Helsinki 1945, 1964 (dumps).
Outside Norden in eastern Europe from Poland to Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine; probably arisen from the hybrid O. biennis × rubricaulis. (The related species O. rubricauloides (10) has probably arisen from the reciprocal hybrid, O. rubricaulis × biennis).
Similar taxa. Oenothera deflexa, O. nuda and O. victorinii (rare casuals).
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6. Oenothera fallax Renner Map Ill. To top
Renner, Zeitschr. Indukt. Abstammungs-Vererbungsl. 18: 176 (1917). – Type: Poland, Wratislawa, in ruins of Podwale street near Oławska street, 16.VII.1962, K. Rostański (WRSL) neotype, sel. by Rostański, Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 11: 508 (1965).
D ***. F ***. N ***. S falskt jättenattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem often over 100 cm, with branches from near the base, green or often flushed with red, fairly densely covered with short, arcuate hairs and with numerous erectopatent longer hairs with a high, conical or cylindrical, red base. Stem leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, shallowly and distantly dentate, 11–12.5 × 3.5–4.5 cm, hairy, the lower ones crinkled; midrib white or reddish.
Inflorescence a fairly dense, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis red towards the top, with numerous glandular hairs and numerous patent long hairs with a high, conical or cylindrical, red base. Hypanthium 30–40 mm, with numerous glandular hairs and single long, patent hairs. Buds red-striped, with numerous glandular hairs and a few long, patent hairs; sepal-tips 2–4 mm, pressed together at least below, sometimes divergent above. Sepals 15–20 mm. Petals yellow, broadly obovate with slightly emarginate apex, wider than long, 20–30 × 22–34 mm. Anthers 3–10 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 3–10 mm. Capsule 20–30 × 5–6 mm, green, red-striped when young, with very numerous glandular hairs and numerous long, patent hairs with a conical, red base; teeth obtuse to slightly emarginate. Seeds angular, dark brownish black, 1.1–2.2 × 0.4–1.7 mm.
[2n=14]
Distribution and habitat. Grown for ornament since the middle of the 19th century; found (mainly since the 1990’s) as a garden relic and as an escape on filling soil, roadsides, ruderal grassland, and industry ground; as far as known nowhere established. – D first collected in 1968 (NJy Hjørring) but otherwise only collected after 1991; scattered in NJy, ØJy and Sjæ; VJy Esbjerg 1999, Nørre Snede 2003, FyL Otterup 2001. N Vf Borre 2000, Sandefjord 2003, Øf Hvaler 1998. S first collected in 1884 (Gst Gävle); Sk 12 localities, Bl Ramdala 1995, Rödeby 2002, Öl Algutsrum 1998, Klm Halltorp 1990, Hl Veinge 2005, BhG 6 localities 1939–2003, Ög Kvillinge 1953, Srm Brännkyrka 1998 and Gst Gävle 1884. F U Helsinki 1962 (dump).
Arisen in Europe; widely cultivated and escaped, but also spontaneously formed.
Taxonomy. Oenothera fallax is a hybrid between O. glazioviana (female) and O. biennis (male). It is true-breeding (unlike the reciprocal hybrid, O. biennis × glazioviana) and often grown for ornament. Also spontaneously formed O. glazioviana × O. biennis is found in the wild, but all specimens are very uniform, and this hybrid is best treated as a species.
Variation. The midrib of the leaves is white in f. fallax, reddish in f. rubrinervis Rostański. The f. fallax has been collected in S BhG Skee 1937 (garden weed), f. rubrinervis in BhG Göteborg 1948 and Västra Frölunda 1944 (in both cases ruderal ground).
Biology. An autogamous, permanent structural heterozygote (a ring of 14 chromosomes formed at meiosis metaphase I).
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera fallax are known with O. biennis (in effect, backcrosses).
Similar taxa. Oenothera cambrica and O. hoelscheri (rare casuals).
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7. Oenothera glazioviana P. Micheli Map Ill. To top
Micheli in Martius, Fl. brasil. 13(2): 178 (1875). – Type: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca, 7.II.1868, Glaziou 2658 (P) holotype.
O. erythrosepala (Borbás) Borbás (1903).
O. lamarckiana auct., non Ser. in DC. (1828).
D Kæmpe-Natlys. F jättihelokki. N kjempenattlys. S jättenattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem to 180 cm, unbranched or branched, green or often flushed with red below, fairly densely covered with short, arcuate hairs and with numerous erectopatent longer hairs with a high, conical or cylindrical, red base. Stem leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, distinctly and fairly closely dentate, 7–14 × 2–4 cm, fairly sparsely hairy, often strongly crinkled (rarely flat); midrib white or reddish.
Inflorescence a fairly dense to dense, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis reddish towards the top, with numerous glandular hairs and very numerous patent long hairs with a high, conical or cylindrical, red base. Hypanthium 35–45 mm, with numerous glandular hairs and single long, patent hairs. Buds red-striped when mature (rarely green at start of the flowering phase), with very numerous glandular hairs and a few long, patent hairs; sepal-tips 6–15 mm, pressed together below, somewhat divergent above. Sepals 35–55 mm. Petals yellow, broadly obovate with slightly emarginate apex, wider than long, 30–50 ×32–58 mm. Anthers 10–13 mm. Stigma elevated above the anthers; lobes 6–10 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 25–35 × 6–8 mm, green or red-striped when young, with very numerous glandular hairs and numerous long, patent hairs with a conical, red base; teeth emarginate to obtuse. Seeds angular, dark brown to purple, 1.1–2.2 × 0.3–1.7 mm.
[2n=14]
Habitat. Grown for ornament since the late 19th century but not in common cultivation until the late 20th century; in very recent times becoming an escape at roadsides (usually close to habitations), tips, filling soil and other ruderal ground.
Distribution. Nem(–BNem). – Established and increasing at least in D and S Sk. D first collected in 1897 (ØJy Hornslet) but almost all records are post-1960; widespread and perhaps the most common Oenothera. N Vf Horten, Larvik, Nøtterøy and Sandefjord 2000–04. S first collected in 1902 (BhG Göteborg); common and established in coastal lowlands of Sk, elsewhere rare (but probably under-collected) and apparently casual north to southern Vrm and to Upl.
Spread worldwide as an ornamental and as a garden escape; it has been postulated that it originated in Europe before 1860, when it first appeared in garden trade (Cleland 1972)
Biology. An allogamous, permanent structural heterozygote (a ring of 12 chromosomes + 1 bivalent formed at meiosis metaphase I).
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera glazioviana are known with O. biennis (4) and O. perangusta (8). The hybrid with O. glazioviana as the female parent is treated as a species, O. fallax (6). The reciprocal hybrid, O. biennis × glazioviana, is treated under Hybrids, and so is O. glazioviana × perangusta.
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8. Oenothera perangusta R.R. Gates Map Ill. To top
Gates, Canad. Field Nat. 64: 142 (1950). – Type: Canada, Ontario, Bruce Peninsula, 11.VII.1934, Krotkov 9252 (TRT) holotype.
D ***. F kaitahelokki. N smalnattlys. S smalt nattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem 50–100 cm, usually unbranched, green or tinged with red, fairly densely covered with short, arcuate hairs and with very numerous spreading longer hairs with a high, cylindrical and ± bent, red base. Stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 5.7–10 × 1.4–2.1 cm, 3.8–5.5 times as long as wide, shallowly and distantly dentate or frequently almost entire, fairly densely hairy, flat; midrib red.
Inflorescence a moderately dense, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis green throughout or reddish towards the top, with numerous glandular hairs and numerous spreading long hairs with a high, cylindrical and ± bent, red base. Hypanthium 27–35 mm, with numerous glandular hairs and single long, patent hairs. Buds green or red-striped, with numerous glandular hairs and a few long, patent hairs with a high, cylindrical base; sepal-tips 2.5–4 mm, pressed together below, divergent above. Sepals 15–21 mm. Petals yellow, broadly obovate with emarginate apex, about as long as wide, 10–20 ×10–20 mm. Anthers 6–9 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 5–7 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 25–35 × 5–6 mm, green, with numerous glandular hairs and with long, patent hairs with a conical to cylindrical, red base; teeth somewhat emarginate.
Distribution. Nem[–MBor]. – D NJy Hjørring 2004, Sjæ Allerød 1996. N Ak Oslo 1883, 1889 (lawn), Bu Kongsberg 2001 (roadside). S first collected (outside botanical gardens) in 1862 (Upl Uppsala); Sk 15 localities 1930, 1940 and from 1994 on, established and apparently increasing, Öl Glömminge, Gtl Bro 1882, 1885, Västerhejde 1933, SmI Markaryd and Pjätteryd 1994, Växjö 1875, Älmhult 1999, Hl Falkenberg 1994, Laholm 2005, BhG Uddevalla 1960, Ödsmål 1950, Ög Norrköping 2000, Srm Södertälje 2001, Vagnhärad 1994, Vrm Karlstad 1898, 1899, Sunne 1898, Upl Stockholm 1872, Tegelsmora 1905, Uppsala 1862, Dlr By 1913 and Gst Österfärnebo 1918. F A Hammarland 19th century, 1963, U Helsinki 1962 (two dumps), Pernaja 1861.
Canada; anthropochorous in N and W Europe.
Habitat. Dry, sunny, sandy, bare ground, especially railway areas, but also roadsides, road embankments, gravel pits, industry ground and tips. Cultivated in botanical gardens in S Upl Stockholm 1840 and 1841 and possibly partly escaped, but nowadays mainly or entirely spread with traffic. Usually casual but at least in S Sk frequently found and probably established.
Variation. In Norden the buds and sepals are usually striped with red (var. rubricalyx R.R. Gates).
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera perangusta are known with O. biennis (4), O. glazioviana (7) and O. rubricaulis (9). They are all treated under Hybrids.
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9. Oenothera rubricaulis Kleb. Map Ill. To top
Klebahn, Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 31, Beih. 3: 23 (1914). – Type: Germany, Niedersachsen, Kreis Uelzen, Bevensen, 16.VII.1967, K. Walther 6702 (HBG) neotype, sel. by Rostański, Acta Biol. Katowice 1: 13 (1975).
D ***. F täplähelokki. N vortenattlys. S pricknattljus..
Literature. Kraft 1994.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem 100–150 cm, often branched in the lower half, green, often flushed with red, with moderately dense short, arcuate hairs and numerous erectopatent longer hairs with a high, conical, red base. Stem leaves elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, shallowly and distantly dentate, 6–10 × 1.8–3.2 cm, 2.5–4.5 times as long as wide, fairly sparsely hairy, flat or crinkled; midrib red.
Inflorescence a fairly dense, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis intensely red at least towards the top, with numerous glandular hairs and numerous erectopatent to patent long hairs with a high, conical, red base. Hypanthium 15–25 mm, with numerous glandular hairs and single long, patent hairs. Buds green, with numerous glandular hairs and a few long, patent hairs; sepal-tips 1.5–3.5 mm, pressed together below, divergent above. Sepals 10–20 mm. Petals pale yellow, broadly obovate with emarginate apex, as long as wide or somwehat longer than wide, 10–20 ×9–18(–20) mm. Anthers 5–8 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 5–8 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 25–35 × 5–7 mm, green with red stripes when young, with very numerous glandular hairs and with long, patent hairs with a conical, red base; teeth obtuse. Seeds angular, chocolate-brown, 1–2.4 × 0.3–1.5 mm.
[2n=14]
Distribution. Nem–BNem[–MBor]. – D Sjæ first collected in 1862 (Sjæ Hellebæk), but mainly recorded after 1990; fairly rare in Jylland and LFM, scattered in Sjæ. N first collected in 1912 (Vf Svelvik), but mainly found after 1960; scattered along the southern coast, partly resident: Øf 6 localities 2000–04, Ak Frogn 1951, Bu Drammen 2 localities 1997–98, Lier from 1992, Nedre Eiker 1999, Vf Svelvik 1913, 1968 and Larvik 1991, AA Risør from 1951, VA Kristiansand 1992. S first collected in 1841 (Nrk Gräve); early established in the central parts (Nrk, Srm, Upl) and here since long the commonest species; in the southern part (north to Vg and Ög) not becoming widespread until the late 20th century. Now probably common north to BhG, Vg, Nrk and Upl, but poorly documented from some provinces; further north Dlr By 1882, Folkärna 1987 (probably established), Hls Hudiksvall 1951, Mpd Skön 1907 (ballast) and Ång Husum 2000 (with Baltic timber). F collections from A Hammarland 1962 (cemetery), V at least Parainen 1885, 1886, U resident in Helsinki (several places since the 1990’s) and Nurmijärvi (several roadside and railway localities since 1972), Porvoo 1883–1935 (ballast), St Hämeenkyrö 1970 (roadside), Rauma 1955 (harbour), Säkylä 1990, 1999 (railway at sugar factory), EH Tampere 1965, ES at least Kouvola 1973, Valkeala 1999 (apparently resident), PH Ähtäri 1964 (railway), OP Oulu 1883, 1896 (both ballast), 1948.
C and NE Europe; not known from North America.
Habitat. Dry, sunny, sandy or gravelly, bare ground, especially railway areas, roadsides, gravel pits and industry ground. Cultivated in F U Helsinki 1908, 1942–43 and S Upl Uppsala 1866 and possibly to some extent escaped, but mainly or entirely spread with traffic; strongly increasing in the late 20th century.
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera rubricaulis are known with O. biennis (4), O. depressa (2) and O. perangusta (8).
Two hybrids with O. biennis are both treated as species: O. casimiri (5) = O. biennis × rubricaulis (with O. biennis as female parent), and O. rubricauloides (10) = O. rubricaulis × biennis.
The hybrid O. rubricaulis × depressa (with O. rubricaulis as female parent) has given rise to two fairly different-looking taxa treated as species, O. hoelscheri and O. wienii (see Rare casuals). The reciprocal hybrid, O. depressa × rubricaulis, is treated under Hybrids.
The hybrid with O. perangusta is treated under Hybrids.
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10. Oenothera rubricauloides Rostański Map Ill. To top
Rostański, Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 395 (2007). – Type: S Upl Stockholm (Kungsholmen), 4.IX.1999, U. Malmgren (S) holotype.
O. rubricaulis var. longistylis Gutte & Rostański (1981).
D ***. F ***. Fa ***. I *** N ***. S pipnattljus.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem 100–150 cm, often branched in the lower half, green, often flushed with red, with moderately dense short, arcuate hairs and numerous erectopatent longer hairs with a high, conical, red base. Stem leaves elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, shallowly and distantly dentate, 8–10 × 2–2.7 cm, 3–4.5 times as long as wide, fairly sparsely hairy, flat or crinkled; midrib red.
Inflorescence a fairly dense, bracteate, apical spike. Rachis intensely red at least towards the top, with numerous glandular hairs and numerous erectopatent to patent long hairs with a high, conical, red base. Hypanthium 25–35 mm, with numerous glandular hairs and single long, patent hairs. Buds green, with numerous glandular hairs and a few long, patent hairs; sepal-tips 2.5–4 mm, pressed together below, divergent above. Sepals 15–25 mm. Petals yellow, broadly obovate with emarginate apex, as long as wide, 20–28 × 20–28 mm. Anthers 7–9 mm. Stigma slightly elevated above the anthers; lobes 8–10 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 25–35 × 5.5–6 mm, green with red stripes when young, with very numerous glandular hairs and with long, patent hairs with a conical, red base; teeth obtuse.
Distribution and habitat. Dry, sandy or gravelly, disturbed, open soil, especially railway areas, roadsides, ruderal ground and fallows. The oldest record is from 1893 (S Vrm Nedre Ullerud, together with both putative parents), but 80% of the finds were made later than 1980. The increase of O. rubricauloides is perhaps linked to the fact that O. rubricaulis has become much commoner during the late 1900’s. – D SJy Kiskelund 2000 (fallow field), Brn Balka 2002. N Ak Oslo 2002, Vf Tjøme 2002. S Sk 8 localities 1995–2004, Bl Ronneby 2000, Klm Torsås 1988, Hl Falkenberg and Veinge 2005, BhG 7 localities 1938, 1945, 1997–2003, Vg Borås 1909, Nrk Hallsberg 1996, Örebro 1995, Srm Botkyrka 1998, Södertälje 1954, Vrm Grava 1942, Nedre Ullerud 1893, Upl Stockholm 1998, 1999, Ång Grundsunda 2000 (with Baltic timber). F U Hanko 1937, 1997 (railway, apparently resident), Helsinki 1921, Nurmijärvi 2000 (railway, resident).
Not known outside Norden; probably arisen from the hybrid O. rubricaulis × biennis. (Another species, O. casimiri (5), probably originated from the reciprocal hybrid, O. biennis × rubricaulis).
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11. Oenothera ammophila Focke Map Ill. To top
Focke, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 18: 182 (1905). – Type: Germany, Niedersachsen, Wangerooge, VII.1902, Focke (BREM) lectotype, sel. by Dietrich, Wagner & Raven, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 50: 117 (1997).
O. oakesiana auct., non (A. Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Watson & Coulter (1890).
D Klit-Natlys. F dyynihelokki. N sandnattlys. S klittnattljus.
Literature. Jensen 1971.
Hemicryptophyte. Biennial. Stem 25–50 cm, growing ± obliquely with top of growing inflorescences sigmoidally curved, usually unbranched, green or flushed with red, fairly densely covered with short, soft, crispate hairs and with scattered ± patent, long, stiff hairs with red, conical base. Stem leaves lanceolate, shallowly and distantly dentate, 6.5–11 × 1.7–2.2 cm, fairly densely hairy from short, appressed hairs, flat, grey-green; midrib red or white.
Flowers in bracteate apical spikes. Rachis green below, red towards the top, hairy like the stem but with very numerous red-based hairs and (towards the top) with scattered glandular hairs. Hypanthium (25–)30–40 mm, fairly sparsely hairy from long, forward-pointing hairs and with numerous glandular hairs. Buds green or flushed with red, densely hairy from long, ± appressed hairs and with very numerous glandular hairs; sepal-tips 2.5–4 mm, separated. Sepals 14–18 mm. Petals yellow, obovate with slightly emarginate apex, 12–18 ×12–18 mm, as long as wide. Anthers 5–6.5 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 3–8 mm. Capsule narrowly lanceolate in outline, 30–37 × 7–8.5 mm, fairly densely covered with short, soft, crispate hairs and numerous appressed stiff hairs (which do not have a thickened, red base); apex of the valves rounded or even slightly pointed. Seeds angular, red-brown, 0.9–2.5 × 0.5–1.9 mm.
[2n=14]
Distribution. Nem. – Spontaneously immigrated in dune habitats and increasing in D and N; first records in natural habitats D VJy Skallingen 1926, N Ro Klepp 1961, S Sk Båstad 2008. – D NJy scattered along the western coast from Hirtshals to Skagen and south of Nørre Vorupør, in the Hirtshals-Tversted area since 1933, on the eastern coast at Napstjert 2004, casual on ruderal ground at Frederikshavn 1966, 1972 and Sæby 2000; VJy scattered along the coast, in Skallingen since 1926, inland in Ikast 2003 (grass heath); SJy Bådsbøl 1959, Koldby Strand 1959 and Rømø since 1957; LFM Hellehavns Nakke and Pomlerende 1983 (leaf rosettes; perhaps not established). N Te Kragerø 1931 (probably spontaneous, but not established); VA Farsund 3 localities 2004; Ro Klepp (Bore and Sele) since 1961, Sola since 1992, in ruderal habitats in Sandnes 1968 (docks) and Stavanger 1962. [i]S Sk Båstad 2008 (seashore), BhG Göteborg 1940, Uddevalla 2004 (in both cases docks), Upl Vaksala 1961 (with throwout from the Uppsala botanical garden). F EK Kotka 1992 (docks).
Outside Norden along the North Sea coast in the Netherlands and NW Germany, and in the lower reaches of Elbe; not known from North America and possibly arisen in the Elbe area in the early 19th century.
Habitat. Maritime dunes, forming stands on the landward side of the outermost green dunes, and on the uppermost drift deposits. Also in ruderal habitats nearby, like docks and gravel-pits; in N Ro also in sandy arable fields near the shore.
Biology. An autogamous, permanent structural heterozygote (a ring of 12 chromosomes + 1 bivalent formed at meiosis metaphase I).
Hybridization. Hybrids of Oenothera ammophila are known with O. biennis. The hybrid with O. biennis as the female parent is treated as a species, O. albipercurva (see Rare casuals). The reciprocal hybrid, O. ammophila × biennis, is treated under Hybrids.
Similar taxa. Oenothera albipercurva and O. oakesiana (rare casuals).
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12. Oenothera laciniata Hill Map To top
Hill, Veg. syst. 12, appendix: 64 (1767). – Type: J. Hill, Veg. syst 12, appendix: 64, pl. 10, ill. (1767) lectotype, sel. by Dietrich & Wagner, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 24: 41 (1988).
D ***. F liuskahelokki. N fliknattlys. S fliknattljus.
Literature. Dietrich & Wagner 1988 (also ill.).
Therophyte or hemicryptophyte. Annual or short-lived perennial. Stem decumbent to erect, 15–50 cm, usually branched, green or flushed with red, fairly dense to sparse short, soft, crispate hairs and usually also with erecto-patent, stiff hairs (which do not have a thickened, red base). Stem leaves in outline oblanceolate to oblong, pinnatifid, sinuate or rarely almost entire, 2–6 × 0.5–1.5 cm, with scattered to fairly numerous hairs.
FFlowers axillary along the stem, not aggregated into a distinct spike. Hypanthium 15–35 mm, densely to sparsely hairy from long, patent hairs and with glandular hairs. Buds upcurved when mature (due to curvature of the hypanthium), densely hairy from long, patent hairs and with glandular hairs; sepal-tips 1.5–2.5 mm, separated. Sepals 9–11 mm. Petals pale yellow, broadly obovate with truncate to emarginate apex, 5–22 × 7–20 mm. Anthers 2.9–4 mm. Stigma surrounded by the anthers; lobes 2–4 mm. Capsule cylindrical but usually slightly arcuate, 30–37 × 3–4 mm, hairy like the stem; apex of the valves slightly emarginate. Seeds ellipsoid, yellowish brown to brown, 1.1–1.5 × 0.6–0.8 mm, coarsely pitted. – Late summer to autumn.
[2n=14]
Distribution and habitat. Casual at mills, railway stations and in docks; imported i.a. with cereals and cotton; first recorded 1903 (S Hl Halmstad), only once recorded after 1950. – N Ak Oslo 1916, 1918, SF Jølster 1968 (mill refuse), ST Skaun 4 records 1924–38 (mill). S Sk Burlöv 1991 (weed in botanical garden), Helsingborg 1917–18, Kristianstad 1909, 1910, 1925 (mill), Åhus 1933 (docks), SmI Hemmesjö 1922 (railway station), Hl Falkenberg 1925, 1926, 1949 (mill), Halmstad 1903, BhG Backa 1938, Göteborg 1940 (with cotton from Texas), Lundby 1924 (mill), Srm Nacka 1915 (mill), Nyköping 1926 (docks), Upl Stockholm. F U Helsinki (Pasila) 1949 (railway).
Eastern USA; anthropochorous in, e.g., western Europe.
Biology. An autogamous, permanent structural heterozygote (a ring of 14 chromosomes forming at meiosis metaphase I).
Similar taxa. Oenothera albicaulis (rare casuals).
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NOT ACCEPTED
Oenothera acaulis Cav. 1797. - Short-stemmed or stemless; leaves lyrate; flowers white or yellow, opening in the morning, with a very long hypanthium (10-15 cm); petals 20-35 mm; capsule ovoid, with 4 wings.
D Brn 1978. F U Siuntio 1962. - Chile. - Map (not in the book).
Oenothera affinis Cambess. 1829. - Annual, densely covered with long, patent hairs and glandular hairs; hypanthium 80-130 mm; petals 20-40 mm, yellow; flowers opening in the evening; capsule cylindrical, 25-40 × 3-4 mm; similar to O. longiflora (rare casuals) but hairs thin and soft. - Lit. (also ill.): Dietrich 1978.
F U Loviisa 1958 (docks). - South America. - Map (not in the book).
Oenothera linifolia Nutt. 1821. - Annual, 10-50 cm; very distinct by filiform leaves (c. 1 mm wide) and small flowers (petals c. 5 mm) which open in the morning; capsule club-shaped, with glandular hairs.
F U Pernaja ***. - SE North America. - Map (not in the book).
Oenothera tetragona > fruticosa glauca Roth 1800 ( O. fruticosa ssp. glauca (Michx.) Straley 1978). - Perennial, to 1 m; leaves narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, entire or shallowly dentate; flowers opening in the morning; petals 10-30 mm; capsules club-shaped, with 4 ridges, with glandular hairs and sometimes also with simple hairs; similar to, and closely related to, O. fruticosa (rare casual).
Grown for ornament, sometimes escaped. S Klm Västervik 2004 (tip), BhG Skaftö 2001. F U Helsinki 1932, 1933, 1936, EP Vaasa 1951 (in all cases railway yard). - E North America. - Map (not in the book). |
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Rare casuals To top
Oenothera acutifolia Rostański 2005. – Similar to O. rubricaulis (9), but taller (to 2 m), lower stem leaves slightly sinuate at the base and more acute, and inflorescence with less numerous glandular hairs. – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (2005).
S Srm Brännkyrka 2001 (tip). – C Europe. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera albicaulis Pursh 1814 ( O. pinnatifida Nutt. 1818). – Similar to O. laciniata but with white, larger flowers (petals c. 25 mm), stigma elevated above the anthers at anthesis, and apex of the capsule valves obtuse. Annual; rosette leaves spathulate, entire or dentate; stem leaves pinnatifid.
S Sk Kristianstad 1909 (mill). – Central USA. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera albipercurva Renner ex Hudziok 1968. – Similar to O. ammophila (11) and to O. oakesiana (rare casual) but more vigourous and with larger flowers (petals 15–23 × 17–28 mm, wider than long). Further differences from O. ammophila: leaves narrower and a paler green, and capsule teeth truncate. – [2n=14] – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (2000), Rostański et al. (2004).
N Bu Ringerike 1880. – Originated in Europe from the hybrid O. biennis × ammophila; established locally in NW and C Europe. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera cambrica Rostański 1977. N prærienattlys. S engelskt nattljus. – Similar to O. fallax (6) in having stem hairs with a conical, red base and fairly large flowers (hypanthium 25–35 mm, petals 20–30 × 21–28 mm), but rachis green to the top, buds not red-striped, and lower capsules without glandular hairs. – [2n=14] – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (1982).
N Te Kragerø 1958 (roadside). – Britain; probably introduced from North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera deflexa R.R. Gates 1936 ( O. lipsiensis Rostański & Gutte 1971). – Similar to O. biennis (4), O. casimiri (5) and O. nuda (rare casual) but leaves lanceolate, petals much smaller (9–12 mm), as long as wide, and lower capsules without glandular hairs. – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański 2000.
D Sjæ Skodsborg 1971. S Sk Kristianstad 1913, Åhus 1915 (docks), Ög Västra Stenby 2005 (tip). – Canada (Ontario). – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera flava (A. Nelson) Garrett 1927. – Very distinct in being completely stemless; leaves laciniate, strigose at the margin; flowers opening in the morning, with a long hypanthium (3–10 cm); petals 10–20 mm; capsule almost concealed in the leaf rosette, ovoid, with 4 wings.
Grown for ornament; rarely escaped: S Sk Landskrona 2007 (tip), Malmö 1999 (soil tip). – W North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera fruticosa L. 1753 subsp. fruticosa. S gullnattljus. – Perennial, to 1 m; leaves narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, entire or shallowly dentate; flowers opening in the morning; petals 10–30 mm; capsules club-shaped, with 4 ridges, with simple hairs but without glandular hairs; similar to, and closely related to, O. tetragona (rare casual).
Grown for ornament and sometimes escaped. S Sk Kristianstad 1936, Hl Släp 1951, Upl Stockholm 2001. – E USA. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera fruticosa subsp. glauca (Michx.) Straley 1978 ( O. tetragona Roth 1800). S klubbnattljus. – Similar to subsp. fruticosa but capsules with glandular hairs (sometimes also with simple hairs).
Grown for ornament, sometimes escaped. D Brn Hasle 1859. S Klm Västervik 2004 (tip), BhG Skaftö 2001. – E North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera gaura W.L. Wagner & Hoch 2007 ( Gaura biennis L. 1753). S småblommigt sommarljus. – Similar to O. lindheimeri but with smaller flowers. Stem branched above, rarely up to 150 cm, densely hairy with mixed glandular and eglandular hairs. Leaves in basal rosette and cauline, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3–12 cm, subentire, hairy on veins and margin. Inflorescence of several many-flowered spikes. Petals 4–12 mm, white or pale pink to red. Capsule 5–10 mm, fusiform, 4-angled, hairy. – [2n=14]
S Upl Stockholm 1995 (throwout from botanic garden). – NE America north to Ontario, south to Mississippi and Georgia. – Distribution documentation (not in the book).
Oenothera hoelscheri Renner ex Rostański 2004. N vegnattlys. – Similar to O. fallax (6) but leaves more distinctly wavy, flowers slightly smaller (hypanthium 25–35 mm, petals 15–25 mm), lower capsules without glandular hairs, and capsule teeth more distinctly emarginate. – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (2000), Rostański et al. (2004).
All material except the collection from S Sk has been determined to var. rubricalyx Rostański, which differs from var. hoelscheri in having red-striped sepals.
N Ak Asker 1993, Oslo 1889 (mill). S Sk Kristianstad 1998, Bl Sölvesborg 1994, BhG Kungshamn 2002. F U Helsinki 1929 (tip), EH Janakkala 1962 (railway bank). – Originated in Europe from the hybrid O. rubricaulis × depressa. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera indecora Cambess. 1729 ( O. argentinae H. Lév. & Thell. 1917). S sparvnattljus. – Annual, densely covered with patent hairs and glandular hairs; hypanthium 5–15 mm; flowers cleistogamous or opening in the evening; petals 5–10 mm, yellow; capsule cylindrical, 20–30 × 1.5–2.5 mm. – Lit. (also ill.): Dietrich 1978.
D 1911 (probably FyL Svendborg). S Sk Kristianstad 1932, Malmö 1920 (docks), BhG Angered 1936, 1940, 1947 (mill), Göteborg 1937, 1944, 1953 (docks, in 1953 with hides from Argentina), Mölndal 1936, 1937, 1939 (with oilseed), Uddevalla 1943, 1944. – S America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera lindheimeri (Engelm. & A. Gray) W.L. Wagner & Hoch 2007 ( Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & A. Gray 1845). F sirokesäkynttilä. N praktlys. S sommarljus. – Perennial, up to 1 m, variously hairy. Stems several, erect, branched above. Leaves 3–9 cm, subsessile or with short winged petiole, spatulate to oblanceolate, sparsely dentate. Flowers subsessile in simple or branched, bracteate racemes. Sepals 12–15 mm, linear-lanceolate, whitish to reddish . Petals 12–20 mm, short-clawed with ± rhombic blade, white to pink. Capsule 7–10 mm, fusiform, sharply 4-angled, subglabrous to sparsely pilose. – [2n=14]
S Sk Kristianstad 1999–2001, Vg Falköping 2003 (Bertilsson 2005), Upl Uppsala 1951 (industrial dump). – Native to Texas, Louisiana and north Mexico; recently widely grown for ornament and locally escaped. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera longiflora L. 1771 ( O. mollissima auct.). S raggnattljus. – Annual or biennial, densely covered with long, patent, coarse hairs and glandular hairs; hypanthium 60–100 mm; petals 20–30 mm, yellow, often with a red spot at the base; flowers opening in the evening; capsule cylindrical, 30–45 × 3–4 mm. – Lit. (also ill.): Dietrich 1978.
S BhG Landvetter 1929 (railway station). – Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina; naturalized i.a. in W Europe. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. 1814. S storblommigt nattljus. – Perennial; 10–50 cm; leaves narrowly lanceolate to elliptical, entire to shallowly dentate; flowers very large (hypanthium 80–120 mm, petals yellow, c. 50 mm) with stigma elevated above the anthers at anthesis; ovary and capsule elongate, densely covered with short, closely appressed, silky hairs, with 4 wide wings throughout.
S Gst Gävle 1999 (garden escape). – Southern central USA. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera nuda Renner ex Rostański 1968. – Similar to O. biennis (4), O. casimiri (5) and O. deflexa (rare casual) but stem, inflorescence, buds and capsules almost without bristles; hypanthium 30–40 mm; petals 15–20 mm, as long as wide. – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański 2000.
D FyL Odense 1916 (docks). – Central Europe. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera oakesiana (A. Gray) J.W. Robbins ex S. Watson & Coulter 1890. N grusnattlys. – Similar to O. ammophila (11) but leaves narrower and a paler green, and capsule teeth truncate. – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (2000), Rostański et al. (2004).
N Øf Fredrikstad 1975 (quarry). – NE North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera parviflora L. 1759. – Related to O. ammophila (11) and similar to it in having sepal-tips separated from each other in bud, capsules with numerous appressed hairs as well as glandular hairs, and apex of capsule valves truncate (not emarginate), but the inflorescence axis is straight and the stem hairs are not thickened and red at the base. – Flowers very small (petals only 6–12 × 6–12 mm). – [2n=14] – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (2000), Rostański et al. (2004).
F U Hanko 1955 (tip). – NE North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera perennis L. 1759 ( O. pumila L., nom. illeg.). N dvergnattlys. S dvärgnattljus. – Perennial; 10–50 cm; leaves entire, elliptical to lanceolate; flowers opening in the morning; petals 5–10 mm; capsules club-shaped, with 4 ridges, glandular-hairy. – [2n=14]
N Ho Bergen 1936 (garden escape). S Sk Höja 1999 (tip). – North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton 1789.– Perennial; shoot apex erect; leaves petiolate, narrowly ovate, almost entire; flowers opening in the morning; petals 5–10 mm, rose to red-violet; capsules club-shaped, 8–10 × 3–4 mm, with 8 ribs or low wings, greyish from short, crispate hairs. – [2n=14]. – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (1991).
S Sk Helsingborg 1999. – S North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera speciosa Nutt. 1821. F komeahelokki. S silvernattljus. – Perennial; shoot apex nodding; leaves petiolate, lyrate or coarsely dentate; flowers opening in the morning; petals 20–40 mm, white, becoming pink; capsules club-shaped, with 8 strong ribs, greyish from short, crispate hairs. – [2n=28]
S Hl Falkenberg 1936 (mill). F V Raisio 1983 (tip). – S North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera stricta Ledeb. ex Link 1821. N klubbenattlys. S doftnattljus. – Annual or biennial, densely covered with patent hairs and glandular hairs; hypanthium 20–45 mm; flowers opening in the evening; petals 15–35 mm, yellow, often with a red spot at the base; capsule cylindrical, 30–50 × 3–4 mm. – [2n=14] – Lit. (also ill.): Dietrich 1978.
D Sjæ København 1972 (ruderal ground), 1990 (weed in botanical garden). N Ak Oslo 1928, Bu Hurum 2002 (with pulpwood). VA Kristiansand 1967 (railway yard). S Sk Lackalänga 1949 (with wool). – Chile and Argentina; naturalized in Britain. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera suaveolens Desf. ex Pers. 1805. – Similar to O. biennis (4) but leaves with white midrib, rachis with glandular hairs in the uppermost part only, petals pale yellow, slightly larger (25–35 mm), as long as wide, and lower capsules without glandular hairs. – [2n=14] – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański 1991, 2004.
D NJy Knæverhede Hede 2003 (filling soil). – S Europe; not known from North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera tetraptera Cav. 1796. – Perennial; shoot apex erect; whole plant covered with dense, long, patent bristles; leaves lyrate; petals 20–40 mm, whitish or pink; capsules club-shaped, 10–15 × 6–8 mm, with 8 wide wings.
S Upl Uppsala 1951 (tip). – Tropical America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera victorinii R.R. Gates & Catchside 1933. – Similar to O. biennis (4) and O. casimiri (5) but petals smaller (10–20 mm), longer than wide, and capsules longer (30–50 mm). – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański 2000.
S Sk Kristianstad 1913 (mill). – E North America. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera villosa Thunb. 1794. – Closely similar to O. canovirens (1), but differs in having truncate capsule teeth. – Lit. (also ill.): Dietrich & Kiesling (2003).
N Te Kragerø 1989 (roadside). – E North America; naturalized in South America, S Africa and Europe. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera wienii Renner ex Rostański 1977. – Similar to O. canovirens (1) and O. depressa (2) but with a dense inflorescence and sepal tips in bud divergent in their distal part. Differs, in addition, from O. canovirens in having red-based hairs on the stem and in the inflorescence, and from O. depressa in having flat or only slightly wawy leaves. The buds are always green and the flowers are always chasmogamous. – [2n=14] – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (2000), Rostański et al. (2004).
N Ak Oslo 1920. S Sk Båstad 1938 (railway area), Hl Halmstad 2001, 2005, Trönninge 2005, BhG Göteborg 1929 (railway station), 1940, Upl Vallentuna 1975, Gst Gävle 1926 (docks). – Originated in Europe from the hybrid O. rubricaulis × depressa; established at least in Poland (Gdansk). – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera wratislaviensis Rostański 2007. F puolanhelokki. S polskt nattljus. – Somewhat similar to O. canovirens (1) but stem red below, leaves with red midrib, and buds striped with red. Hypanthium 20–30 mm. Petals 12–20 × 13–23 mm, wider than long. – Lit. (also ill.): Rostański (1965).
S Hl Snöstorp 2005. F U Helsinki 1927–28. – Originated in Poland, probably from the hybrid O. canovirens × subterminalis Gates ( O. silesiaca Renner). – Map (not in the book).
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Hybrids To top
Oenothera ammophila × biennis. – Differs from O. ammophila (11) in having numerous glandular hairs on the capsules, from O. biennis (4) in having lanceolate leaves, smaller flowers and acute capsule teeth. – The reciprocal hybrid, O. biennis × ammophila, is treated as a species, O. albipercurva (rare casual).
D Sjæ Hellebæk 1889. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera biennis × fallax. – Differs from O. biennis (4) in having red-striped buds, from O. fallax (6) in having green stems and erectopatent long hairs with a greenish base.
D FyL Tranekær 2002. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera biennis × glazioviana. – Differs from O. biennis (4) in having numerous hairs with a red base on stem, rachis and capsules, from O. glazioviana (7) in having green buds, flowers of O. biennis size (hypanthium c. 35 mm, petals c. 27 × 30 mm) and stigma surrounded by the anthers. – The reciprocal hybrid, O. glazioviana × biennis, is treated as a species, O. fallax (6).
Roadsides, ruderal ground. Sometimes grown for ornament (documented from S Sk Landskrona 1918 and Bl Augerum 1926) and perhaps partly escaped. – D NJy Hjørring 2001, Idskov 2004, Sjæ Næstved 1997, LFM Sakskøbing 2002. N Øf Sarpsborg 1993, Ak Oslo 1998, Vf Larvik 2001, AA Tromøy 1918, Ho Odda 1923. S Hl Laholm 2005, BhG Västra Frölunda 1948, Ög Skönberga 1898, Srm Botkyrka 2000, Upl Vaksala 1961. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera biennis × perangusta. – Differences from O. biennis (4): stiff stem hairs with red base, buds striped with red. Differences from O. perangusta (8): leaves elliptic-lanceolate, flowers of O. biennis size (hypanthium 30–40 mm, petals 22–27 mm long). The red hair-bases are cylindrical as in O. perangusta but straight and perpendicular to the stem.
D ØJy Brædstrup 1998. S Sk Ravlunda 2000 (railway area), Srm Stockholm 1991 (docks), Nb 2004 (tip). F V Vihti 1869 (garden escape), U Helsinki 1926 (railway area). – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera depressa × biennis. – Differences from O. depressa (2): stem leaves elliptic, flat, rachis green, buds green and capsules with more numerous glandular hairs. Differences from O. biennis (4): stiff stem hairs with low, conical, red base, inflorescence lax, upper leaves with twisted apex, capsule teeth emarginate. – The reciprocal hybrid, O. biennis × depressa, is treated as a species, O. scandinavica (3).
S Hl Halmstad 2005 (docks) and Harplinge 2005 (tip). – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera depressa × rubricaulis. – Most similar to O. rubricaulis (9), but lower leaves with twisted apex and hypanthium longer (c. 30 mm).
S Klm Kalmar 1918 (with ballast). F U Hanko 1938 (docks), Kirkkonummi 1967 (railway area). – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera glazioviana × perangusta. – Most similar to O. perangusta (8), but petals c. 35 mm long. Buds striped with red.
S BhG Kville 2002. – Map (not in the book).
Oenothera perangusta × rubricaulis. – Differs from O. perangusta (8) by smaller flowers (hypanthium c. 22 mm, petals c. 16 mm long); from O. rubricaulis (9) in having base of stiff stem hairs cylindrical and curved downwards.
S Sk Kristianstad 1930, BhG Ödsmål 1945. – Map (not in the book).
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