Onagraceae
family introduction and key to genera		 Our review process is web based, i.e. both drafts and close-to-final accounts are stored in our server; mistakes in linking do occur. Therefore, in case you want to refer to a treatment, be careful to include version code and date (left).
Accounts which are not accessible from our public web site should not be cited. Please note that web links are subject to change.
by Sven Snogerup
(6b, 20090521)

 © Flora Nordica

Wagner et al. (2007) surveyed recent views on relationships within this family of 22 genera, with its centre of diversity in western N America. Changes in genus delimitation of relevance for Norden involve Epilobium s.l. (see under Chamerion), Clarkia (Godetia included) and Oenothera (Gaura included).

1 Procumbent or floating aquatic with inconspicuous flowers; petals absent or small and caducous
– Terrestrial, usually erect; petals present
 
2 Sepals and petals 2; fruit with hooked bristles
– Sepals and petals 4; fruit without hooked bristles
 
3 Flowers nodding when open; fruit a berry
– Flowers held upwards or horizontally when open; fruit a capsule (or rarely a nut) 4
 
4 Flowers strongly zygomorphic; fruit 3–5 mm, subglobose
– Flowers not or only weakly zygomorphic; fruit larger, elongated 5
 
5 Capsule linear, very narrow; seeds with a tuft of hairs; petals never yellow 6
– Capsule plump (elliptical to narrowly lanceolate in outline); seeds without a tuft of hairs; petals often yellow 7
 
6 Leaves alternate
– Most or all leaves opposite
 
7 Anthers basifixed; flowers usually pink, red or purple; hypanthium 2–10 mm
– Anthers dorsifixed; flowers usually yellow (rarely pink or white); hypanthium usually at least 20 mm
manus

Onagraceae references    To top

Åkerman, A. 1921: Untersuchungen über Bastarde zwischen Epilobium hirsutum und Epilobium montanum. Hereditas 2: 99–112.

Almqvist, E. 1914: Främmande växter på svensk mark. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 8: 393.
Almquist, E. 1929. Upplands vegetation och flora. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 1.

Almquist, E. 1949: Dalarnes flora. Lund.

Almquist, E. 1963: Kompletteringar till Värmlands kärlväxtflora. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 57: 161–189.

Almquist, E. & Björkman, G. 1960: Tillägg till Dalarnas flora. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 54: 1–68.

Baum, D.A., Sytsma, K.J. & Hoch, P.C. 1994: The phylogeny of Epilobium (Onagraceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 19: 363–388.

Berggren, G. 1974: Seed morphology of some Epilobium species in Scandinavia. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 68: 164–168.

Bertilsson, A. 2005: Rapport om fynd i Västergötland – eller kanske ett florasupplement? Calluna 2005 (4): 8–15.

Bertilsson, A. et al. 2002: Västergötlands flora. Uppsala.

Boufford, D.E. 1982: The systematics and evolution of Circaea ( Onagraceae). Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 69: 804–994.

Danielsen, A. 1966: Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. f. lidii nova form. Blyttia 24: 165–172.

Fries, H. 1971: Göteborgs och Bohus läns fanerogamer och ormbunkar. Ed. 2. Uddevalla.

Georgson, K. et al. 1997: Hallands flora. Lund.

Grøstad, T. 2002: Nyfunn av dunmjølke Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. i Sandefjord (Sandar) kommune. Blyttia 60: 34–35.

Halvorsen, R. & Grøstad, T. 2003: Stormjølke Epilobium hirsutum L. i Norge. Blyttia 61: 5–11.

Hämet-Ahti, L., Kurtto, A., Lampinen, R., Piirainen, M., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T., Uotila, P. & Väre, H. 2005: Lisäyksiä ja korjauksia Retkeuilykasvion neljänteen painokseen. Lutukka 21: 41–85.

Hård, F. 1962: Den värmländska kärlväxtflorans geografi. Göteborg.

Haussknecht, C. 1884: Monographie der Gattung Epilobium. Jena.

Hoch, P. C. 1978: Systematics and evolution of the Epilobium ciliatum complex in North America (Onagraceae). Dissertation, Washington University.

Jørgensen, P.M. 1992: Forvillete krypande mjølker i Norge. Blyttia 50: 21–22.

Juva, M. 1985: Uusiseelantilainen Epilobium puutarharikkaruohona Suomessa. (Epilobium komarovianum as a garden weed in Finland). Lutukka 1(1): 21–22.

Keating, R.C., Hoch, P.C. & Raven, P.H. 1982: Perennation in Epilobium (Onagraceae) and its relation to classification and ecology. Syst. Bot. 7(4): 379–404.

Kjellmert, G. 1947: Svennevads kärlväxtflora. Bot. Notiser 1947: 231–282.

Kurtto, A. & Lahti, T. 1987: Suomen putkilokasvien luettelo. Checklist of the vascular plants of Finland. Pamphlet Bot. Museum Univ. Helsinki 11.

Kytövuori, I. 1969: Epilobium davuricum Fisch. (Onagraceae) in eastern Fennoscandia compared with E. palustre L. A morphological, ecological and distributional study. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 6: 35–58.

Kytövuori, I. 1972: The alpine group of the genus Epilobium in northernmost Fennoscandia. A morphological, taxonomical and ecological study. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 9: 163–203.

Kytövuori, I. 1976: Biosystematics of the Epilobium group Alpinae and Palustriiformes (Onagraceae). I. Dwarfism in crosses of the Fennoscandian species. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 13: 69–96.

Kytövuori, I. 1979: Biosystematics and taxonomy of E. laestadii sp. nova (Onagraceae) in Fennoscandia. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 16: 193–207.

Kytövuori, I. 1980: Epilobium. In J. Jalas (ed.), Suuri Kasvikirja 3: ***–***. Helsinki.

Lampinen. R. & Lahti, T. 2008: Kasviatlas 2007. – Helsingin Yliopisto. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo. Kasvimuseo. Helsinki. Levinneisyyskartat osoitteessa http://www.luomus.fi/kasviatlas.

Lange, T. 1938: Jämtlands kärlväxtflora. Acta Bot. Fennica 21.

Lewis, H. & Lewis, M.E. 1955: The genus Clarkia. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 20: 241–392.

Lewis, H. & Raven, P.H. 1992: New combinations in Clarkia (Onagraceae). Madrono 39: 163–169.

Lid, J. & Lid, D.T. 2005: Norsk flora. Ed. 7. Oslo.

Lind, F. 1995: Östergötlands flora, andra upplagan – tillägg och rättelser. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 89: 151–164.

Lindberg, E. 1978: Gästriklands flora. Gävle.

Malmgren, U. 1982: Västmanlands flora. Lund.

Mascher, J.W. 1990: Ångermanlands flora. Lund.

Mascher, J.W. 2007: Nya fynd i Ångermanlands flora. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 101: 321–00.

Montell, J. 1946: Hybriden Epilobium collinum Gmel. × montanum L., ny för Finlands flora. Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn. 22: 144–146.

Munz, P.A. 1943: A revision of the genus Fuchsia (Onagraceae). Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 25(1).

Munz, P.A. 1965: Onagraceae. N. Amer. Fl. series 2, 5.

Murbeck, S. 1894: Neue oder wenig bekannte Hybriden in dem botanischen Garten Bergielund (Hortus Botanicus). Acta Horti Bergiani 2(5).

Nielsen, H. 1988: Dueurter i Danmark II. Indslæbte arter. Urt 12: 1–32.

Oredsson, A. & Snogerup, S. 1975–77: Drawings of Scandinavian plants 101–117. Epilobium L. sect. Epilobium. Bot. Notiser 128: 1–7, 203–207, 279–285, 375–379, 129: 5–9, 193–197, 130: 205–211.

Osbeck, P. 1788: Utkast til Flora Hallandica. Kongl. Götheborgska Wetenskaps och Witterhets Samhällets Handl., Wetenskaps Afd., Fjerde stycket: 3–34.

Peng, C.-I., Schmidt, C.L., Hoch, P.C. & Raven, P.H. 2005: Systematics and evolution of Ludwigia section Dantia (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 307–359.

Plitmann, U., Raven, P.H. & Breedlove, D.E. 1973: The systematics of Lopezieae (Onagraceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 478–563.

Raven, P.H. 1968: Epilobium. in Tutin et al. (eds.), Fl. Eur. 2: 308–311.

Raven, P.H. 1977: Generic and sectional delimitation in Onagraceae, tribe Epilobieae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 326–340.

Raven, P.H. & Gregory, D.P. 1972: A revision of the genus Gaura (Onagraceae). Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 1–96.

Raven, P.H. & Raven, T.E. 1976: The genus Epilobium (Onagraceae) in Australasia: a systematic and evolutionary study. New Zealand Dept. Sci. Indust. Res. Bull. 216: 1–321.

Seaway, S.R. & Raven, P.H. 1977: Experimental hybrids in Epilobium (including Zauschneria ) species with n=15 (Onagraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 64: 439–442.

Selander, S. 1950: Floristic phytogeography of south-western Lule lappmark. 2. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 28.

Skvortsov, A.K. 1995: Taxonomy and nomenclature of adventive Epilobium species in Russia. (In Russian with English abstract.) Moscow. [Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou]: 100: 74–78.

Skvortsov, A.K. & Rusanovitch, I.I. 1974: Scanning electron microscopy of the seed-coat surface in Epilobium species. Bot. Notiser 127: 392–401.

Stenberg, L. 2005: Förteckning över Norrbottens kärlväxter. Föreningen Norrbottens flora.

Sterner, R. 1986: Ölands kärlväxtflora. Ed. 2. Lund.

Tengwall, T.Å. 1924: Die Gefässpflanzen des Sarekgebietes. Naturwiss. Unters. des Sarekgeb. in Schwed.-Lappl. 2(7).

Wagner, W.E., Hoch, P.C. & Raven, P.H. 2007: Revised classification of the Onagraceae. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 83.

Weimarck, G. 1974: Population structures in higher plants as revealed by thin-layer chromatographic patterns. Bot. Notiser 127: 224–244.

Westerström, G. 2008: Floran i tre socknar i nordvästra Ångermanland. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 102: 225–261.

Wistrand, G. 1962: Studier i Pite lappmarks kärlväxtflora med särskild hänsyn till skogslandet och de isolerade fjällen. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 45.

notes