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1. Pimpinella major (L.) Huds. Map Ill.
Hudson, Fl. angl.: 110 (1762). – P. saxifraga var. major L., Sp. pl.: 264 (1753). – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 373.14 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Reduron, Nord. J. Bot. 22: 84 (2002).
P. magna L., nom. illeg. (1771).
D Stor Pimpinelle. F isopukinjuuri. N stor gjeldkarve. S stor bockrot.
Literature. Alm et al. 2000, Grøstad 1999.
Hemicryptophyte. Perennial, to 130 cm; taproot 6–12 mm thick, often branched, with next year’s shoot originating from the preceding one. Stem hollow (rarely solid); basal part 2–7 mm thick, sulcate, sometimes purplish, glabrous or sometimes papillose, often glaucous; upper internodes usually indistinctly sulcate, usually glabrous. Leaves 3–5 at the base and 4–8 on the stem (the innermost basal one or the lowest stem leaf is the largest); sheath rather narrow, usually not purplish, 1–4 cm; petiole 8–29 cm; blade 1-pinnate, 9–22 × 5–14 cm, with a length/width ratio of 1.3–2.1(–2.7), lower side rather sparsely hairy. Primary leaflets 4–5 pairs; angle leaflet/rachis 50–70(–80°). Apical leaflet 1-pinnatifid with 1–2 pairs of lobes; petiolule 4–18(–25) mm; blade 19–55(–70) × 16–57 mm (length/width ratio 0.8–1.7); base truncate to broadly cuneate, rarely shallowly cordate; apex acute, rarely obtuse; margin serrate, usually with purplish tips. Largest lateral leaflets entire or with 1 pair of lobes; petiolule (0–)1–6(–13) mm; blade 25–85 × (18–)26–50 mm, with a length/width ratio of 1.2–1.8(–2.3); base broadly cuneate to shallowly cordate; apex acute (rarely obtuse).
Umbels flat to slightly convex, 2.5–3.5 cm high and 5–8 cm wide; peduncle 5–8 cm; rays straight or bent inwards, 2.6–3.4 cm, glabrous. Bracts 0(–2). Umbellules 12–27; pedicels 0.7–1 cm, glabrous. Bractlets 0(–1). Flowers 17–29(–35) per umbellule; sepals absent; petals white or pink, 1.2–2.2 × 0.9–2 mm, emarginate or bifid (apical cut 0.2–0.7 mm deep); filaments 1.5–2.2 mm; anthers 0.3–0.5 mm. Fruit ovate in outline, sometimes slightly laterally flattened, glabrous. Mericarps 2.6–3.1 × 1–1.4 × 0.9–1.2 mm (length/width ratio 2.5–2.7); valleculae wide, each with 2–3 dark-brown vittae; stylopodium 0.3–0.4 mm wide; style 1.2–1.8 mm, directed outwards to deflexed. – Mid-summer to late summer.
2n=20 (S Sk). – [2n=18, 20]
Distribution. Nem–BNem. – Indigenous or perhaps archaeophytic in D and S Sk, in these areas and further north also a later introduction with grass seed in parks and at manors (since mid-19th century), and well established at several localities. – D scattered in eastern SJy, LFM (especially Lolland), and Sjæ (especially in the central and eastern parts); probably disappeared from FyL (previously at least Næsby 1911); elsewhere absent. N Ak 5 records 1888–2000, Bu Røyken 1886–1971 (established), Drammen 2000 (orchard), Vf Larvik 1998 (field margin), Svelvik 1932 (ruderal ground), Te Porsgrunn 1915, AA Grimstad 1948, 1957, 1968 (roadside), Ho Bergen 1955–58 (grassland), ØFi Sør-Varanger (found 1960, 3 localities 1998–2000; with German troops). S resident in, at least, western Sk (e.g. in the Kullaberg area), Öl Mörbylånga 1850–1906, Resmo and Vickleby (both known since early 19th century), Gtl Roma (park), Klm Hallingeberg 1962–95 (railway), SmI Ökna since 1850’s (field margin), Srm Hölö since 1842 (Tullgarn, park), and Upl Börstil and Älvkarleby (both wooded meadow); elsewhere in the southern lowlands an unevenly distributed, often long-lived casual; northernmost records Dlr Norrbärke (woodland) and Gst Gävle (park). F archaeophytic in PK Liperi (found in 1868, now three nearby places; former slash-and-burn cultivation areas); brought in with German troops in, at least, V Turku, EP Kaskinen, Kristiinankaupunki and Vaasa, KP Kokkola, Kn Hyrynsalmi and Kajaani, PeP Tornio, Ks Kuusamo and Salla; elsewhere probably mainly brought in for ornamental or medicinal purposes. – Also reported from S Vg Falköping (Hasselrot 1967), but there is no voucher.
Most of Europe.
Habitat. Mesic, nutrient-rich and often base-rich mull soil, in full sun or rather shaded. Indigenous or naturalized in deciduous woodland in the south and in N Bu Røyken, but also in, e.g., S Upl and Vsm, especially in fringes, overgrowing pastures and meadows; also roadsides, field margins, parks and gardens. Favoured by slight overgrowth.
Biology. Individuals long-lived; they may produce several shoots by branching of the roots. The fruits contain a sesquiterpene that is specific for P. major (cf. Reduron 2008).
Variation. The leaves of Pimpinella major are fairly variable; in some specimens the lower leaves have more rounded leaflet apices. – See also Hybridization under the genus.
Similar taxa. Sterile herbarium material of Pimpinella major may be confused with the wetland plant Berula erecta, in which the stem is terete to angular and the proximal leaflets of the lower leaves are usually reduced, or with Pastinaca sativa, which has usually longer sheaths on the upper leaves and slightly thicker, more translucent hairs on the leaves; see also P. saxifraga.
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2. Pimpinella saxifraga L. Map Ill.
Linnaeus, Sp. pl.: 263 (1753). – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 373.1 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Reduron & Jarvis, Regnum Veg. 127: 76 (1993).
D Almindelig Pimpinelle. F (aho)pukinjuuri. N gjeldkarve. S bockrot.
Literature. Reduron 2008, Thellung 1926, Weide 1962.
Hemicryptophyte. Usually heterophyllous perennial, to 85(–110) cm; taproot 4–11(–14) mm thick. Stem solid, or sometimes secondarily hollow; basal part 1.5–4 mm thick, terete to angular (rarely slightly sulcate), usually purplish, slightly glaucous, glabrous to densely hairy/papillose (see subspecies); upper internodes angular to slightly sulcate, glabrous to sparsely papillose. Leaves 3–7 at the base and 3–8 on the stem (usually 1-pinnate except the upper cauline leaves, but also lower leaves sometimes pinnatifid and narrow-lobed, or intermediate), one of the basal leaves is the largest; sheath rather broad, sometimes purplish, 0.5–2(–3) cm (in uppermost leaves 1–3(–4) cm, with a reduced blade); petiole 3–23 cm; blade 1-pinnate (sometimes 2-pinnate in narrow-lobed leaves), 4–20 × 3–8 cm, with a length/width ratio of 1.6–2.9 (1.3–2.4 in narrow-lobed leaves), glabrous or densely hairy (see subspecies). Primary leaflets 3–6 pairs; angle leaflet/rachis 60–90° (50–70° in narrow-lobed leaves). Apical leaflet 1-pinnatifid with (0–)1– 2(–3) pairs of lobes (2–3-pinnatifid in narrow-lobed leaves), petiolule 4–23 mm; blade 14–39 × 14–38 mm, with a length/width ratio of 0.7–1.1(–1.4); base shallowly cordate to broadly cuneate; apex obtuse (rarely acute); margin serrate, with acute or acuminate, purplish-tipped teeth. Lateral leaflets entire or 1-pinnatifid, with 0–1(–3) pairs of lobes (2(–4)-pinnatifid, with 3–5 pairs of lobes in narrow-lobed leaves); petiolule 0–3(–11) mm; blade 11–44 × (7–)11–30(–44) mm (length/width ratio 0.8–1.6). Ultimate lobes 1–4.2 × 0.9–4.4 mm, with a length/width ratio of 0.6–1.3(–1.9), in narrow-lobed leaves 3–8.5 × 1–2.7 mm, with a length/width ratio of 1.9–5.7 (ultimate lobes of the upper leaves more elongated, (1.7–)3–16 × 0.5–2 mm, with a length/width ratio of (2.1–)3.9–12).
Umbels slightly convex, 2–4 cm high and 4.5–8 cm wide; peduncle 4.5–7.5(–11) cm; rays straight or slightly bent inwards, 2–4.2 cm, glabrous or sparsely papillose. Bracts 0(–1). Umbellules 11–24(–29); pedicels 0.4–0.8 cm. Bractlets 0(–1). Flowers (12–)15–24 per umbellule; sepals absent; petals 1–1.7 × 0.8–1.3 mm, emarginate (apical cut 0.1–0.3(–0.5) mm deep); filaments 1.1–1.9 mm; anthers 0.3–0.4 mm. Fruit ovate to broadly ovate in outline, slightly laterally flattened, glabrous. Mericarps 1.6–2.8 × 0.8–1.2 × 0.7–1 mm (length/width ratio 1.5–2.8); stylopodium 0.3–0.5 mm wide; style 0.6–1.1 mm, directed outwards to slightly upwards. – Mid-summer to late summer.
2n=36 (F V, N Vf); 2n=40 (F A, EH, U); 2n=40 + 1B (S Öl). – [2n=18, 20, 36, 40]
Distribution. Nem–MBor(–NBor). – D common throughout, but with lower frequency in parts of the eastern islands. N common to fairly common in the lowlands north to NNo, scattered to rare in the southern mountains and in Tr, ØFi Sør-Varanger (introduced with German troops). S common to fairly common north to Jmt (east of the mountains) and southern Ång, further north scattered to rare in the lowlands; TL Jukkasjärvi (Björkliden, near the railway). F common north to the northernmost parts of St, PH, PS and PK, scattered to OP Oulu and Kn Kajaani as well as in southwestern PeP; further north very rare, partly a wartime incomer and mostly in church villages.
Most of Europe, W Siberia and Caucasus; introduced in North America
Habitat. In full sun or slight shade on dry to mesic ground, in nutrient-poor (but sometimes base-rich), mostly sandy or gravelly soil, e.g. dry pasture and meadow, heathland, thin woodland and wooded meadow, sandy shores (also in dunes); often more frequent on man-made ground, especially along roads and railways and in lawns. Slightly favoured by grazing, but disfavoured by artificial fertilizers and overgrowth.
Biology. Although slow-growing, plants may become large, with several shoots from a branched root.
Variation and taxonomy. Striking variants have attracted attention (e.g., low, glabrous plants with dark, usually pinnatifid and narrow-lobed basal leaves and small, convex umbels, growing on sandy seashores in western N (see under subsp. saxifraga), or velvety, light-green plants having neatly pinnate basal leaves with rounded leaflets, found only on calcareous ground), but the variation within Pimpinella saxifraga is large and not fully understood.
Red or pink flowers are more common in some areas and some populations, e.g. in the sand ecotype mentioned above, but the correlation with other characters seems to be weak.
The indumentum of stem and leaves varies both in density, distribution, length, hair type (straight or wavy) and direction. Usually, the density of the indumentum decreases towards the apex of the stem, but a morphotype where also upper internodes are densely hairy has been reported from F (Hämet-Ahti 1980). There is often no other difference between hairy/papillose specimens and completely glabrous ones. However, the combination of a dense, long indumentum (with patent stem hairs) is correlated with several other characters, and thus taxonomically significant (= subsp. nigra, see further below).
Basal leaves vary from pinnate-pinnatifid (or 2-pinnate) with narrow lobes to 1-pinnate with rounded, obtusely toothed leaflets. Outline, division and incision of the basal leaves are of taxonomic relevance, although the characters appear fairly subtle and complex (see further under the subspecies). Pinnatifid leaves may be suspected to have a simple genetic background, since scattered plants with conspicuously narrow-lobed basal leaves are sometimes found in mainly heterophyllous populations.
Published chromosome numbers suggest different ploidy levels for subsp. saxifraga and subsp. nigra. The reports in Lövkvist & Hultgård (1999) of 2n=40 for both subspecies cannot be confirmed (all vouchers which can be identified are subsp. saxifraga).
Thellung (1926) included three subspecies in P. saxifraga (subsp. alpestris (Spreng.) Simonk. [= subsp. alpina (Host) Nyman], subsp. nigra and subsp. saxifraga). While including the dwarf subsp. alpestris in P. saxifraga, Weide (1962) treated P. nigra as a separate species distinguished by root chemistry, indumentum, leaflet shape and serration, and number of umbellules in the umbels. Weide’s diagnostic characters are applicable also on the Nordic material, although leaflet shape and number of umbellules are poorly correlated with the other characters. He divided the two species into an overwhelming number of infraspecific taxa, but most of them lack taxonomic significance. Reduron (2008) follows the treatment of Thellung with three subspecies, and states that intermediates are relatively frequent in central Europe.
See also Hybridization under the genus.
Similar taxa. Pimpinella saxifraga is similar to P. major and P. peregrina (see the key). Sterile material is sometimes confused with Sanguisorba minor, which however has entire, regularly dentate leaflets increasing in size towards the leaf apex (leaflets decreasing in size towards leaf apex in P. saxifraga). – Basal leaves of Pimpinella saxifraga subsp. nigra may be confused with morphotypes of Pastinaca sativa with rounded, hairy leaflets; however, P. sativa has somewhat thicker and longer, translucent hars, distinctly shorter on the upper surface (P. saxifraga subsp. nigra has ± whitish hairs, that are ± equal on both sides of the leaves).
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2A. subsp. saxifraga Map Ill.
S vanlig bockrot.
Root with a pale epidermis; in fresh cross-cuts, the exposed pith surface stays pale (cf. subsp. nigra). Stem base glabrous or sparsely to densely covered with 0.1–0.2 mm long, deflexed papillae. Petiole and rachis glabrous, or sparsely to rather densely covered with 0.1–0.4 mm long, ± patent papillae/hairs. Blade glabrous to rather densely papillose/hairy on both sides. Apical leaflet usually with 2–3 pairs of lobes; largest lateral leaflets obtuse to subacute, entire or lobed, with one pair of lobes; margin coarsely dentate to serrate. Apical teeth (1.3–)1.8–4.2 mm. Umbellules 11–21(–24). Petals glabrous or with sparse hairs/papillae on the back.
2n=40 (S Sk 8). [2n=36, 40]
Distribution and habitat. Throughout the range of the species.
Biology. The essential oil in the root pith contains low amounts of proazulenes, and does not turn blue in contact with oxygen.
Variation. Morphotypes with only narrowly dissected leaves occur in the whole area. No other character seems to be correlated, except that the lower leaves are often wider. However, this is a character that depends on the position of the leaves (with proportionally wider leaves towards the apex of the stem). Also some heterophyllous specimens (often misidentified as P. major) have such wide lower leaves.
In N VA Farsund, Ro Klepp and MR Giske, a dwarf morphotype occurs on sand, characterized by wide branch angles, lower leaves with well-developed, long sheaths and rather convex umbels with reddish flowers. The elongated sheaths and wide branch angles are probably adaptations to the habitat, and the variation can be regarded as ecotypic.
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2B. subsp. nigra (Mill.) Gaudin Map Ill.
Gaudin, Fl. helv. 2: 440 (1828). – P. nigra Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 no. 4 (1768). – Type: Sloane Herbarium 244: 62 (BM-SL) lectotype, sel. by Reduron, Ombellifères de France 4: 2111 (2008).
D Blånende Pimpinelle. S sammetsbockrot.
Root with a dark-brown or black epidermis; in fresh cross-cuts, the exposed pith surface often turns ± bluish. Stem base densely covered with 0.2–0.3 mm long, ± patent papillae/hairs. Petiole and rachis ± densely covered with 0.3–0.5 mm long, patent hairs. Blade covered with papillae/hairs (more densely so on lower side). Apical leaflet usually with 1 pair of lobes; largest lateral leaflets obtuse, usually entire; margin finely dentate to serrate. Apical teeth 1–2.8 mm. Umbellules 14–23(–29). Petals densely hairy/papillose on the back.
[2n=18, 20]
Distribution. Probably archaeophytic in the southeast. – S Sk scattered south of Malmö (recent finds in Västra Klagstorp 2000 and Bunkeflo 2001), Öl Ås 1905, Resmo 1860, Vickleby 1888, 1922, Glömminge 1871, 1877, Högsrum 1895, Köping 1863, Gtl scattered, with recent records from 13 parishes (not known from Fårö or the very south), Ög Krokek (Marmorbrottet) 1869, Vånga 1863. – The specimens from D ØJy Viborg 1904 and S Vg Töreboda 1868 (non-calcareous areas) were possibly mislabelled or from cultivation. Reports from Finland could not be confirmed (cf comment under the species on indumentum variation in F).
C Europe (distribution more continental than that of subsp. saxifraga).
Habitat. Usually in full sun on well-drained lime-rich ground; mainly in man-made or managed sites (e.g. meadow, gravelly roadsides).
Taxonomy and variation. Although a well-defined entity (characterized by indumentum, leaf serration, colour of root epidermis, chemical composition of essential oils and chromosome number), there is yet no consensus on the status of this taxon, and it is little known in Norden. It was described as a species in the 18th century ( P. nigra Mill.), and is still treated as such by Wisskirchen & Haeupler (1998), but has also been regarded as a subspecies or variety within P. saxifraga (see further under the species). Subspecies level was chosen here, in accordance with Reduron (2008); intermediates occur e.g. in S Sk and Gtl.
Biology. The blue colouring of freshly cut roots comes from proazulenes in the essential oil reacting with oxygen.
Narrow-lobed forms of subsp. nigra occur in central Europe (Weide 1962, Reduron 2008), but have not been observed in Norden.
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3. Pimpinella peregrina L. Map (not in the book?).
Linnaeus, Sp. pl.: 264 (1753). – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 373.9 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Abebe, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 110: 367 (1993).
D Hårfrugtet Pimpinelle. S lång bockrot.
Literature. Svenson & Anderberg 1994 (also ill.).
Hemicryptophyte. Usually heterophyllous biennial, to 100 cm; puberulent (but upper part of the stem glabrous or sparsely hairy). Stem 3–7 mm thick at base, terete to angled, richly branched. Lower leaves 1-pinnate; blade 6–8 x 3–4 cm, having 2–4 pairs of rounded leaflets with a cordate to broadly attenuate base. Upper leaves finely dissected.
Umbels with 25–40, sparsely to densely hairy rays, without bracts and bractlets. Petals white, c. 1 mm, with minute hairs on the back. Fruit c. 1.5 mm long, yellow-brown, with patent hairs; style 0.5–1 mm, divergent. – Mid-summer.
[2n=16, 18]
Distribution and habitat. Occasionally introduced with seed, e.g., grass-seed mixtures for road banks and bird-seed. D Sjæ København 1939 (filling area), Gentofte 1992–93 (roadside). S Sk Glumslöv 1998 (road ditch), Bl Sölvesborg 1995–2003 (from meadow seeds), Nrk Örebro 1996–98 (outside flower bed), Upl Husby-Ärlinghundra 1994 (highway slope, from meadow seeds), Stockholm 1995 (abandoned flower bed). – No voucher has been seen for a record from BhG Klövedal 2006 (waste ground).
The Mediterranean, SW Asia (including P. affinis Ledeb.).
Similar taxa. Pimpinella peregrina is similar to P. saxifraga (2).
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4. Pimpinella anisum L. Map
Linnaeus, Sp. pl.: 264 (1753). – Type: Linnaean Herbarium 373.10 (LINN) lectotype, sel. by Yurtseva, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 100(3): 66 (1995).
D Anis. F anisruoho. N anis. S anis.
Therophyte (summer-annual). Plant to 40 cm, pubescent, with an aromatic odour. Stem terete or angular, usually solid. Lower leaves simple, entire or 1-pinnatifid, with up to 2 pairs of lobes; petiole 3–4 cm; blade 1.4–3.1 × 1.5–2.6 cm (length/width ratio 0.9–1.2); base truncate to broadly attenuate; apex obtuse; margin with acute teeth having hyaline or slightly violet tips. Ultimate lobes 1–3 × 1–3 mm (length/width ratio 1–1.7). Upper leaves more finely dissected; ultimate lobes 6–23 × 1–3.5 mm (length/width ratio 4–12).
Umbels slightly convex; rays straight or slightly inwards-curved, subequal; bracts 0–1. Umbellules 9–16; bractlets usually two, 2–5 × 0.2–0.6 mm. Flowers 10–16 per umbellule; petals white or red-tinged, 1.1–1.5 mm, emarginate, minutely hairy on the back; anthers 0.4–0.5 mm. Fruit ovate in outline, dark brown. Mericarps 3–3.5 mm long, covered with minute, appressed hairs; stylopodium flat; style c. 1.5 mm, directed ± upwards. – Mid-summer to autumn.
[2n=18, 20]
Distribution and habitat. A casual alien in docks, ballast places and mills; rarely also as a field weed. – D Sjæ Kastrup 1966 (docks) and Korsør 1960 (loading place). N Ak Oslo 1874, 1927, Ro Stavanger 1925, MR Herøy 1931, ST Trondheim 1875, 1956, SNo Rana 1908. S several finds in the south and along the Bothnian coast, the most recent in Srm Helgona 1993 (weed) and Nb Nederkalix 1996 (refuse tip). F reported at least from V Korppoo 1944, Turku 1915, U Helsinki 1879, 1901 (dump), 1927 (railway yard), and EP Vaasa 1882.
Cultivated as a spice and medicinal plant since ancient time, and escaped from cultivation or introduced in most parts of the world. Origin uncertain, but perhaps from E Mediterranean or SW Asia.
Similar taxa. Pimpinella anisum reminds habitually of Coriandrum sativum, which has umbels with distinctly zygomorphic outer flowers, and globose, glabrous fruits.
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Rare casual
Pimpinella tripartita Kalen. 1845 ( Albovia tripartita (Kalen.) Schischk. 1950, Scaligeria tripartita (Kalen.) Tamamsch. 1967; Pimpinella rotundifolia M. Bieb.1808). – Lit.: Rechinger (1987, ill.). – Perennial, medium-sized herb; pubescent at the base. Lower leaves entire or 3-lobed, with a deeply cordate base. Umbels with 9–15 rays, without bracts and bractlets. Fruit c. 2 mm long, glabrous.
S Upl Uppsala 1903–19 (escaped from botanical garden). – Caucasus, NW Iran and Turkey. – Map (not in the book).
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