Smyrnium

Taxa treated:

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by Lars Fröberg
(6a, 20080807)

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Smyrnium L.

Linnaeus, Sp. pl.: 262 (1753).

Smyrnium perfoliatum L.             map              

Linnaeus, Sp. pl.: 262 (1753). – Described from Italy and Crete.

D Lundgylden. S vingloka.

Hemicryptophyte (biennial or rarely perennial). Slightly foetid plant, to 120 cm; tap­root carrot-shaped, 30–40 × 15–17 mm. Stem solid, straight, with the primary umbel at the top and most branches in the upper part; basal part 4–6 mm thick, angular, straw-coloured, ± glaucous; upper internodes with three distinct, glabrous or ciliate wings (decurrent from the mid-vein and edges of next leaf). Leaves 4–6 at the base (usually withered at anthesis) and 8–9 on the stem, one of the lower stem leaves largest. Lower leaves with a rather broad, straw-coloured sheath; petiole 7.5–11 cm; blade 1–2-pinnate, 7.5–11 × 7–10 cm (length/width ratio 1.1–1.2). Primary leaflets 1–3 pairs; angle leaflet/rachis 40–45°. Ultimate leaflets entire or with one pair of lobes; petiolule 12–19 mm; blade ovate to broadly elliptic, 30–40 × 30–40 mm (length/width ratio 0.9–1.3); margin serrate in upper part; base cordate; apex acute or obtuse. Upper leaves stem-clasping; blade entire, ovate to almost triangular, 7–17 × 3.5–10 cm (length/width ratio 1.4–2); margin serrate; apex mostly obtuse.
Umbels flat, 3–4 cm high and 4–8 cm wide; peduncle 2.5–3 cm; rays straight, 2.6–5.5 cm, glabrous. Bracts 0(–2). Umbellules 8–12; pedicels 0.6–0.9 cm, glabrous or rarely papillose on the adaxial side. Bractlets 0. Flowers 17–25 per umbellule, not or very slightly zygomorphic; sepals indistinct; petals pale yellow, 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–1 mm, with an entire apex; filaments 1.2–1.5 mm; anthers 0.6–0.7 mm. Fruit with almost globose mericarps, (brownish) black, indistinctly rugose, with a fatty gloss when ripe; carpophore flattened, usually divided to the base. Mericarps broadly ellipsoid to almost spherical, 2.9–3.8 × 2.2–2.9 × 2.2–2.8 mm (length/width ratio 1.2–1.3); in cross section with 3 dorsal, low and 2 ventral, indistinct ridges; valleculae very wide, each with several vittae; stylopodium conical, 0.6–0.8 mm wide, asymmetrically inserted towards the ventral side; style 0.8–1.2 mm, deflexed. – Early summer.
Distribution and habitat. Grown for ornament, e.g. in parks and botanic gardens, and escaped; increasing at some localities. – Sjæ scattered in the København area (earliest record Frederiksberg 1924), rare elsewhere, Brn Ypnested (deciduous woodland) since 1983, Gudhjem since 1991. Sk Lomma (Alnarp, park) since 1919, Lund (botanical garden) since at least 1970, in both places numerous and established; Sövestad (Krageholm, park) 1929–32, probably vanished, Svedala 1987 (small stand in former plantation), Revinge 2008, SmI Östra Torsås 1992 (shrubbery), Upl Kista 2000–02, 2008 (ruderal ground).
S Europe, N Africa and SW Asia.

Similar taxa. Smyrnium perfoliatum could be taken for a broad-leaved Bupleurum species, but the latter have entire leaf margins and large bractlets.

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