da-eng urval

English/Norwegian
english	norwegian	explanation
a-	uten	Without, lacking.
a-, ab-	fra	"Away from".
abiotic	abiotisk	Not involving living organisms.
abortive	aborterende	Imperfectly developed, not grown to its normal size or function, usually of flowers or fruits.
abscission	felle, felling	The normal shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, e.g. an old leaf, a ripe fruit etc.
acaulescent	stengelløs	Stemless, or with no visible stem.
accrescent		Enlarging after maturity, as the stem or the calyx of some plants after flowering.
achene	akene	A small, dry, indehiscent, single-seeded fruit, characteristic of Ranunculus; in a strict sense developed from a superior ovary of one carpel and with the seed free from the fruit wall.
acicular	nålformet	Needle-shaped, narrow, stiff and pointed.
aciculate	rispet	Finely scored on the surface, as if scratched by a pin.
acrogynous	topphunlig	In sedges, with female flowers in the top of the spike.
acroscopic	vendt mot spissen	Facing towards the apex or distal end of an organ.
actinomorphic	radiærsymmmetrisk	Of flowers, radially symmetrical, symmetrical about more than one plane passing through the axis of the flower.
aculeate	vasstagget	Prickly.
acuminate	tilspisset	Tapering gradually to a protracted point.
acute	spiss	Tapering to a pointed apex with more or less straight sides.
ad-	mot	"To", "towards".
adaxial	adaksial	Of a lateral organ, the side or surface facing towards the axis, normally the upper surface.
adnate	tilvokst	Fused to an organ of a different kind, e.g. applied to a stamen fused to a petal.
adventitious	adventiv-	Arising in abnormal positions; of buds, those produced elsewhere than in the axils of leaves or the end of a branch; of roots, those coming from organs other than the main root system, such as the stem.
adventive	innført	Indeliberately brought in by man or his agents recently.
aerial	luft	Whole plants or parts of plants living above the surface of the ground or water.
aestivation	knoppleie	The spatial arrangement of floral parts in the bud.
agamospecies	agamospecies, småart	A species which usually produces seeds asexually, by agamospermy.
agamospermy	agamospermi	The formation of seeds by pseudo-sexual means. The embryo is formed from entirely maternal tissue, so that the offspring is genetically identical with their female parent.
aggregate	aggregat	A clump or cluster; an aggregate fruit is a cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of one flower strawberry or raspberry; in taxonomy, an aggregate is an assemblage of distinct, though very similar taxa with a phylogenetic relationship.
alate		With wing-like appendages.
allele	allele	One of two or more alternate forms of a gene.
allogamous	allogam, med kryssbefruktning	With allogamy.
allogamy	allogami, kryssbefruktning	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a different flower, either between different flowers of the same plant (geitonogamy, resulting in selfing), or between flowers of different plants (xenogamy, resulting in crossing).
allopatric	allopatrisk	Of two or more taxa, occupying different geographical areas.
allopolyploid	allopolyploid	A polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.
allotetraploid
alternate	alternerende, skruestilt	Of leaves or other lateral organs, borne singly at different levels on the axis; of floral parts, on a different radius, describing e.g. the position of petals with respect to sepals.
alternately pinnate	alternerende finnet	Of a pinnate leaf, where the leaflets are not opposite.
alveolate	smågropet	With small pits, looking like a honeycomb.
amphidiploid	amfidiploid	An allopolyploid that forms only bivalents at meiosis, thus functionally a diploid.
amplexicaul	stengelomfattende	Of a leaf base, clasping the stem.
analogous	analog	A structure that functions similarly but has a different phylogenetic origin than another entity.
anastomosing	danne nettverk	Forming a network; usually applied to veins.
androdioecious	androdioik	Having male and bisexual flowers, but on separate plants.
androecium	andrøsium	The male reproductive organs of a flower; all the stamens.
androgynophore	androgynofor	A stalk above the level of the insertion of the perianth, bearing both the androecium and the gynoecium.
androgynous		Having male and female flowers on the same plant. Synonymous with monoecious.
andromonoecious	andromonoik	Having male and bisexual flowers on the same plant.
androphore	androfor	A stalk supporting a group of stamens.
anemochorous		Dispersed by wind.
anemophilous		Pollinated by wind.
aneuploid	aneuploid	A plant having a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the base chromosome number of the group.
angiosperm	angiosperm, dekkfrøet plante	A seed-bearing plant with ovules, and hence seeds, developing within an ovary.
angular	kantet	Of stems, having more or less distinct corners in cross-section, e.g. triangular, quadrangular; of leaves, having several salient angles on the margin. Obtuse-angled, when the angles are rounded, acute-angled, when they are sharp.
anisomerous	uliketalig	Having a different number of parts (usually less) in whorls of different kinds, as in a flower with five sepals and petals, but only two stamens.
annual	annuell, ettårig	A plant that completes its life cycle within a year; a winter annual germinates in autumn and flowers the next spring or summer, a summer annual germinates in spring and flowers the same year.
annulus	annulus, ring	A ring; in ferns, the elastic ring of cells, forming part of the sporangium wall.
ante-	for-, foran-	Before, in front of.
anterior	fremre	In the front; on the side away from the axis, as the lower lip of a bilabiate corolla.
anther	pollenknapp	The part of the stamen containing the pollen.
anthesis	blomstring	The period during which the flower is open, from bud-burst until withering of floral parts.
anthocyanin	anthocyanin	A large group of water soluble pigments that are red, blue or violet, usually giving plant parts a reddish tinge.
antrorse	fremoverrettet	Directed towards the distal end.
apetalous	kronløs	Without petals.
apex	spiss, topp	The very tip of an organ.
apical	toppstilt	At the apex; also used in the sense of distal. Of a placenta, having the ovules attached at the top of the ovary.
apiculate	broddspiss	With an apiculum, ending abruptely in a short, flexible point.
apiculum	broddspiss	A short, distinct, flexible terminal point.
apocarpous	apokarp	A flower with carpels free from one another, as in Ranunculus.
apomictic	apomiktisk	A plant that propagates by a non-sexual mode, including seed formation without fertilization (agamospermy) and vegetative reproduction.
apomixis	apomixis	Any form of reproduction by non-sexual means, including seed formation without fertilization (agamospermy) and vegetative reproduction.
apophysis	apofyse	A thickened terminal part of the ovuliferous scale on the cone of certain pines; a projection or protuberance.
appendiculate	med vedheng	With small appendages.
appressed	tiltrykt	Pressed closely against another organ but not united with it, e.g. hairs on the stem.
arborescent		Tree-like in growth or general appearance; applied to non-woody plants and to shrubs becoming tree-like in size.
archegonium	arkegonium	In non-seed plants, the structures where eggs are produced.
arcuate	bøyd	Curved like a bow.
areola		The area delimited by one mesh in a web pattern; e.g. a distinct area on the face of a seed, bounded by a fine line, or the space bounded by the finest veins in a leaf-blade.
areolate	rutemønstret	Marked out into small, usually angular spaces.
aril	frøkappe	A more or less succulent covering around a seed, inside the pericarp and outside the seed coat, as in Taxus.
arista	brodd, børste	An awn or bristle.
aristate	forsynt med børste/ brodd	Having an awn or bristle at the tip.
articulate	ledd-delt	Jointed.
ascending	oppstigende	Growing erect after an oblique beginning, usually curved.
asexual reproduction	aseksuell formering	The formation of new individuals without the fusion of gametes, the offspring being genetically identical to the parent.
asperous	ru	Rough to the touch with short, hard projections. Synonymous with scabrid and muricate.
asymmetric	asymmetrisk	Irregular, with no plane of symmetry.
auricle	bladøre	An ear-shaped appendage at the base of a leaf or a leaflet.
auriculate	med bladører	With auricles.
autogamous	autogam, sjølvbefrukter?	With autogamy.
autogamy	autogami, sjølbefruktning	Within-flower fertilization; also (from genetical point of view) within-individual fertilization.
autopolyploid	autopolyploid	A polyploid species resulting from one species doubling its chromosome number.
awn	snerp	A bristle-like appendage, e.g. on the tip or back of the lemma of a grass flower.
axil	bladhjørne	The angle between main and lateral axes, e.g. the angle between a bract or leaf and the axis bearing it.
axile		On an axis; of a placenta, on the central axis of the ovary.
axillary	aksillær, hjørnestilt	In the axil.
axis	hovedakse	The main or central stem of a plant or inflorescence.
basal	basal, ved grunnen	At or near the base; of a placenta, having the ovules attached at the base of the ovary.
basifixed	basifix	Attached at or by the base; of anthers, when the filament is attached to the base of the anther.
basigynous	topphannlig	In sedges, with female flowers at the base of the spike.
basiscopic	nedvendt	Facing towards the base or proximal end of an organ.
beak	nebb	A prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit.
berry	bær	A juicy indehiscent fruit, with the seed(s) embedded in a fleshy tissue, as the tomato.
bi-	to-	Two, twice.
biconvex	bikonveks	Convex on two sides.
bidentate	dobbeltannet	Ambiguous; use "with two teeth" or "doubly dentate" instead.
biennial	bienn, toårig	A plant that needs two years to complete its life cycle, not flowering in the first season.
bifid	tokløvd	Two-cleft.
bilabiate	toleppet	Two-lipped.
bilocular	torommet	Having two cavities.
bilomentum	leddskulpe	A siliqua which at maturity breaks transversally into one-seeded segments.
binary name	binert navn	The name of a species is a binary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by the specific epithet.
bipartite	todelt	Divided nearly to the base into two parts.
bipinnate	dobbeltfinnet	Twice pinnate, i.e. the primary divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnate.
bisexual	tokjønnet	Bearing both male and female organs together, e.g. in the same flower.
bisymmetric	bisymmetrisk	Of flowers, having two planes of symmetry, as in Brassicaceae.
biternate	dobbelt tredelt/trekoplet	Twice ternate, the three pinnae each divided into three pinnules.
blade	bladplate	The expanded part of a leaf.
bloom	voks, dogg	A delicate, waxy, easily removed covering to fruit, leaves, twigs etc.; see also pruinose.
bract	støtteblad	A modified, often scale-like leaf subtending a flower, an inflorescence or a branch; in the Apiaceae applied to the leaves at the base of the rays of a compound umbel; in the Pinaceae applied to the outer scale subtending the ovuliferous scale of a cone.
bracteate	med støtteblad	With bracts.
bracteole	forblad	A supplementary or secondary bract on the pedicel of a flower; usually paired in dicotyledons, single in monocotyledons.
brevistylous	kortgriftet	Short-styled; of plants or flowers having short styles and long stamens, used in heterostylous taxa.
bud	knopp	An immature shoot covered with tough scales, or an undeveloped flower usually protected by the calyx.
bud-scales	knoppskjell	Scales enclosing a bud before it expands.
bulb	lauk/løk	A swollen, usually underground organ made up of a condensed stem and succulent, scale-like leaves or leaf bases.
bulbil	yngleknopp	A small, usually axillary bulb or tuber, usually formed in the axil of a leaf or replacing flowers in an inflorescence, and functioning to propagate the plant vegetatively.
bulbiliferous	med yngleknopper	With bulbils.
caducous	avfallende	Falling off at an early stage.
caespitose	tuveformet	Growing in tufts, tufted.
callosity		A dot-like or linear structure with incrassate and/or brightly coloured tissue in e.g. leaves or tepals.
callus	kallus	In the Poaceae used for the incrassate lowermost part of the lemma, which is sometimes pointed and/or hairy.
calyptra	(rot)hette	A cap- or hood-like covering that protects the root tip.
calyx	beger	Collective term for the sepals of one flower; when the sepals are partly fused the calyx tube is the fused part of the calyx, the calyx lobes the free part of the sepals.
campanulate	klokkeformet	Bell-shaped.
canaliculate	furet	With a longitudinal groove or channel.
capillary	hårtynn, hårfin	Very slender, hair-like; of leaves, finely dissected as in submerged leaves of Ranunculus aquatilis.
capitulum	korg, kurv	An inflorescence with a dense cluster of sessile flowers borne on a flattened or vaulted receptacle, e.g. Asteraceae and Dipsacaceae.
capsule	kapsel	A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more united carpels.
carnose		Synonymous with succulent.
carpel	fruktblad	The ovule-bearing unit having its margins fused together, or fused with those of other carpels to enclose the ovule(s) in an ovary.
cartilaginous	bruskaktig	Hard and tough, but slightly pliable.
caryopsis	karyopse	A dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, characteristic of Poaceae.
catkin	rakle	A spike of more or less reduced flowers (often unisexual and without perianth); in the strict sense pendent and flexible.
caudate	haleformet	Having a long tail-like tip or appendage.
caudicle		A thread to which a pollen mass is attached (Orchidaceae, Asclepiadaceae).
cauliflorous	kauliflori	Of plants with flowers and fruits borne on old wood.
cauline	stengel-	Borne on the stem.
ceratophyllid		A plant which is free-floating in the water or lying on the bottom, but not rooted, e.g. Ceratophyllum.
chamaephyte		A plant with winter buds above ground, but below 25 cm.
chartaceous		Having a papery consistency.
chasmogamous	chasmogam	Of flowers which open, thus giving possibilities for cross-pollination.
chlorotic	klorotisk	Applied to a plant appearing pale green or yellow due to abnormally low chlorophyll content caused by deficiency or disease.
choripetalous	frikronet	With the petals free from each other.
chorology		The study of the geographical distribution of organisms.
ciliate	kanthåret	With regularly arranged fine, more or less patent hairs along the margin, like the hairs of an eyelash.
circinate		Spirally coiled like the head of a crozier, as developing leaves of ferns; spirally rolled from apex to base, when applied to arrangement of parts in the bud.
circumscissile	omkringskåret, -snittet	Of capsules, opening with a circular split around the top, cutting off a cap or lid.
cirrhose		Tendrilled, ending in a slender appendage that is wavy or spirally rolled up.
cladode	fyllokladium	A stem with the form and function of a leaf (same as phylloclade and cladophyll), as in Asparagus and Cytisus.
cladophyll
clasping	omsluttende	Grasping, embracing.
clathrate	nettformet	With regular slots or holes, resembling a lattice.
claw	negl	The narrow, stalk-like proximal part of a petal, sepal or bract.
clavate	klubbeformet	Club-shaped, slender at base and distally gradually thickened.
cleistogamous	kleistogam	Of flowers which do not open but become self-pollinated in the bud stage.
climber	klatreplante	Growing more or less erect by winding or climbing with roots, hooks or tendrils, using other objects as support.
clonal	klondannende, klonal	Forming stands of genetically identical individuals by vegetative reproduction.
clone	klon	Genetically identical individuals, produced asexually from one parent.
cochlear		Of the arrangement of petals in a bud, a variant of imbricate where one petal, being larger than the others, and hollowed like a helmet, covers all the others.
cochleariform	skjeformet	Concave like a spoon, spoon-like.
cochleate	sneglehusformet	Coiled like a snail-shell.
colliculate		Of a seed coat covered with small rounded or hillock-like elevations.
colpate	kolpat	Of a pollen grain, having elongated apertures in the wall.
colporate	kolporat	Of a pollen grain, having apertures which are elongated at the outer surface of the pollen wall, but roundish at its inner surface.
column	griffelsøyle	A structure formed by the union of the staminal filaments and the style in the Orchidaceae.
columnar	søyleformet	Column-like.
commissure	kommissur, sammenføying	A seam, the line along which two organs are fused or adhere, e.g. the interfacing of two carpels in an ovary, and the scarious areas uniting the calyx lobes in some Caryophyllaceae.
complex	kompleks	An assemblage of closely related taxa which may be difficult to define or are very variable.
compound	sammensatt	The opposite of simple, composed of two or more units; of a leaf, divided right to the rachis into distinct leaflets; of an inflorescence, when the same pattern of branching is repeated twice or more times, e.g. compound umbel.
compressed	sammentrykt	Flattened, usually laterally, bringing the sides closer together as the pod of a pea.
cone	kongle	A more or less compact structure of sporophylls spirally arranged along a central axis, woody in Pinaceae. Also applied to conelike infructescences in some flowering plants.
cone scale	kongleskjell	The ovuliferous scale and its bract fused together in the Cupressaceae.
confluent	sammenflytende	The running together of two parts into one, blending.
connate	sammmenvokst	Fused to another organ or other organs of the same kind, e.g. petals connate.
connective	konnektiv	The part of the anther connecting the pollen-containing thecae.
connivent	sammenstøtende	Converging or coming into contact, but not actually fused or united.
conoidal	omtrent konisk	Almost cone-shaped.
contiguous	som berører hverandre	Touching at the edges with no gap between.
contorted	dreidd, vridd	Spirally twisted; of floral parts in a bud, a form of imbricate arrangement in which each segment with one edge overlapping the adjacent segment.
contracted	sammentrukket	Drawn together to become shorter or narrower.
convolute	sammenrullet	Rolled up longitudinally.
cordate	hjerteformet	Of leaf base, having two equal more or less rounded lobes at base.
cordiform		Shaped like a heart, in outline.
coriaceous	læraktig	Of a leathery texture.
corm	knoll	A short, solid, swollen, usually underground stem or stem base.
corolla	krone	Collective term for the petals of a flower; when the petals are partly fused, the tube is the fused part of the corolla, the lobes are the free part of the petals.
corona	korona, bikrone	A ring of tissue arising from the corolla, perianth or filaments of a flower.
coronal scales		Flaps (usually two) at the base of the petal limb in some Caryophyllaceae, e.g. Lychnis, Viscaria.
corymb	halvskjerm	A racemose inflorescence in which the lower flowers have longer pedicels than those of the flowers above, producing a flat-topped or slightly vaulted inflorescence.
corymbose		Having flowers in corymbs. The term is sometimes used of a corymb-like inflorescence.
costa	midtnerve i småblad/finne	The midrib or rachis of a pinna.
costule	midtnerve i småfinne	In ferns, the midrib or rachis of a pinnule.
cotyledon	frøblad, kimblad	The primary leaves of an embryo or a seedling, 1 in monocotyledons, usually 2 in dicotyledons, 2- to several in gymnosperms; usually quite different in appearance from subsequent leaves.
crenate	rundtannet	Of the margin of a flat organ, with rounded teeth.
crenulate	fint rundtannet	Of the margin of a flat organ, with small, rounded teeth.
crested	forsynt med kam	With an elevated, irregular ridge, resembling the crest of a helmet; chiefly applied to seeds and to appendages of the anthers.
crimson	høyrød	A deep red colour, only slightly purplish.
crispate	kruset	Curly, wavy or crinkled.
cross fertilization	kryssbefruktning	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a genetically different individual.
cross pollination	krysspollinering	The transfer of pollen from the anthers of one individual to the stigma of a different individual of the same species.
crown	(tre)krone	The part of a tree above the level of the lowest branch.
crozier	bispestav	A bishop's stick; used of the young coiled leaf in many ferns.
crustaceous	skorpeaktig	Hard, thin and brittle.
cryptogam	kryptogam, sporeplante	A plant that produces spores, not seeds. Among vascular plants, the ferns and fern allies.
cucullate		Hooded, hood-shaped.
culm	strå	The stem of Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.
cuneate	kileformet	Wedge-shaped (with straight, converging sides).
cupule	cupula, skål	A small cup; in Fagaceae, a cup-shaped, hardened structure enclosing one or a few fruits.
cuspidate	broddspiss	Abruptly tapering into a sharp, rigid point.
cylindrical	sylindrisk	Like a cylinder, i.e. long and narrow with a circular cross-section.
cymbiform		Boat-shaped, synonymous with navicular.
cyme	kvast	An inflorescence, or part of an inflorescence, in which each flower terminates a growing axis, and where further flowers are formed on branches arising below it.
cymose	kvastformet	Of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud.
cypsela	kypsela	A small, dry, indehiscent single-seeded fruit formed from an inferior ovary, characteristic of Asteraceae.
cystolith		An outgrowth from the cell wall, encrusted with calcium carbonate.
decaploid	dekaploid	Having 10 of the basic sets of chromosomes.
deciduous	lauvfellende	Not persistent, falling seasonally; of leaves, falling in the autumn.
decumbent	nedliggende	Reclining on the ground but with the tip turning up.
decurrent	nedløpende	Extending downwards; of a lateral organ, having its base prolonged down the main axis, e.g. when a leaf continues along the stem as a flange.
decussate	korsvis motsatt	Of opposite leaves, when the successive pairs are at right angles to each other.
deflexed	nedbøyd	Bent sharply downwards.
dehiscent	som opner seg	Opening naturally at maturity to release seeds, spores or pollen.
deltoid	'deltoid'	Pyramid-shaped.
dendroid	dendroid	Tree-shaped, resembling a tree in form but not in size, e.g. dendroid hairs.
dentate	tannet	Toothed, with the teeth directed outwards.
denticulate	fint tannet, småtannet	Minutely toothed.
depauperate	redusert	Starved or reduced; refers to plants less well developed than in normally grown ones.
depressed	flattrykt	Flattened, somewhat sunken in the centre.
descending	nedstigende	Having a direction gradually downwards.
determinate	bestemt	Of growth or branching, with a bud or flower terminating the growth of the main axis; of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, e.g. cyme, panicle.
diadelphous		Having the stamens united into two groups, or one free, the others united (Fabaceae).
dichasium	dobbeltkvast	A cyme with two branches from each node.
dichogamy	dikogami	Separation in time between pollen presentation from anthers and pollen reception on to stigmas within the flower. A dichogamous species may be protandrous or protogynous.
dichotomous	dikotom, gaffeldelt	Branching by forking into two equal branches.
dicotyledon	tofrøbladet	A flowering plant whose seedling has two cotyledons.
digitate	koplet	Of a compound leaf, when the leaflets diverge from the same point like the fingers of a hand.
dilated	utvidet	Expanded, widened.
dimorphic	dimorf	With two different forms.
dioecious	særbu	Having male and female flowers on separate plants.
diploid	diploid	Having two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
disc	diskus	Anything disc-shaped, e.g. the top of the hips in Rosa; a fleshy, usually nectar-secreting ring between whorls of floral parts or borne directly on the ovary; the central part of the capitulum (with tubular flowers) in some Asteraceae (cf. ray flowers).
discoid		Like a disc or plate; in Asteraceae, applied to a head with tubular flowers only.
dissected	fliket	Divided into segments.
distal	distal, ytterst	Far from the point of attachment; the distalmost part of a leaf is the tip.
distichous	toradet	Two-ranked; regularly arranged one above the other in two opposite rows, one on each side of the stem.
dithecal		Of anthers, with two thecae (and thus four pollen sacs).
diurnal		Of flowers, opening only during daylight.
divaricate	utsperret	Widely spreading, dividing into widely divergent branches.
divergent	divergerende	Of two or more like structures, spreading so that the apices are further apart than their bases.
dormancy	hvile	A resting phase with reduced metabolism found in buds, seeds and spores.
dorsifixed	dorsifix	Attached at or by the back; of anthers, when the filament is attached to the abaxial side of the anther.
dorsiventral	dorsiventral	Having structurally different upper and lower surfaces.
doubly dentate	dobbeltannet	Dentate with small teeth on the large ones.
doubly serrate	dobbelt sagtannet	Serrate with small teeth on the large ones.
drooping	slapt hengende, nikkende	Slightly hanging, so that the apex is directed towards the the horizon.
drupaceous		Drupe-like but not strictly a drupe.
drupe	steinfrukt	A juicy, indehiscent fruit with one or a few seeds, each surrounded by a stony layer formed from the fruit wall, e.g. Prunus.
duplicato-dentate	dobbeltannet	Doubly dentate, i.e. with toothed teeth.
dwarf-shrub	dvergbusk, ris	Small shrub, a small and woody perennial plant, up to 100 cm tall, with many stems or branching at the base.
e-, ex-	uten	Without, lacking; from, out of, away from.
ebracteate	uten støtteblad	Without bracts.
echinate	pigget	Spinose, bearing numerous spines, prickles or stiff hairs.
ecotype	økotype	A genetically fixed variant of a taxon particularly adapted to some environmental condition.
ectotrophic mycorrhiza	ektotrof mykorrhiza	Mycorrhiza, with the fungus forming a layer outside the root.
eglandular	uten kjertler	Without glands.
elaiosome	elaiosom	An oil-rich appendage or distinct swelling of a seed or fruit, serving as food for ants and hence an aid to dispersal by these.
elater	elater	In Equisetum, hygroscopic bands attached to the spore and serving for dispersal (there are usually four elaters on each spore).
electrophoresis	elektroforese	Technique for separating molecules of different sizes and charges (especially isozymes).
ellipsoid	ellipsoid	A solid shape elliptic in side view.
elliptic	elliptisk	A flat shape widest at the middle and 1.2-3 times as long as wide. If broader, broadly elliptic, if narrower, narrowly elliptic.
elodeid	langskuddplanter	Long-shoot plants, which is free-floting in the water or laying on the bottom, but not rooted, e.g. Elodea.
elongated	utdratt, forlenget	Prolonged, extended, notably long.
emarginate	utrandet	With a broad, shallow notch in a truncate apex.
embryo	embryo	A young plant contained within the seed.
enclosed	innelukket	Not protruding.
endocarp	endokarp	The innermost layer of the fruit wall; in a drupe the stony layer surrounding the seed.
endosperm	endosperm, frøkvite	The nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of a seed.
endotrophic mycorrhiza	endotrof mykorrhiza	Mycorrhiza, with the fungus living within the roots.
endozoochorous	endozoochor	Of a taxon whose seeds are dispersed within animals, i.e. eaten.
ensiform	sverdformet	Sword-shaped.
entire	hel	Having a smooth margin, not toothed or dissected.
entomophilous		Insect-pollinated.
epi-	på-	upon, on top of or added to.
epicalyx	ytterbeger	A whorl of bracts just below a flower, calyx-like but outside and additional to the calyx.
epidermal		Associated with the epidermis.
epidermis	epidermis	The outermost layer of cells of an organ, usually one cell thick.
epigeal	epigeisk, overjordisk	Above ground; of germination, when the cotyledons, which are green and photosynthesizing, are raised above ground.
epigynous	oversittende, epigyn	Having perianth and stamens inserted above the ovary, i. e., having an inferior ovary.
epiphyte	epifytt	A plant growing on another plant, but not parasitizing it.
epizoochorous	epizoochor	Of a taxon whose seeds are dispersed on the outside of animals.
erect	opprett	Upright, directed strictly upwards.
erectopatent	skrått rettet oppover	Directed obliquely upwards.
erose	småfrynset	Gnawed or bitten; of a margin, finely and irregularly eroded.
evergreen	eviggrønn	Bearing leaves throughout the year.
exine	exine	The outer, very resistant layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain; it is often ornamented.
exocarp	exokarp	The outermost layer of the fruit wall.
exserted	utstikkende	Protruding, e.g. of stamens protruding from a corolla tube.
exstipulate	uten stipler/øreblad	Without stipules.
extrafloral		Of nectaries, which are situated outside the flowers, e.g. on the leaves or stipules.
extrorse	utad, ekstrors	Of anthers, opening away from the centre of the flower.
facial		At or concerning the face, the exposed or flat side.
facultative	fakultativ	Having the ability to utilize certain conditions but not being dependent upon them, or, being able to adopt an alternative strategy or alternative properties, e.g. sexual and apogamic reproduction.
falcate	sigdformet	Sickle-shaped.
farinose	mjølet	Mealy.
fascicle	bunt	A close cluster or a bundle of similar organs (usually leaves or flowers) arising from more or less the same point.
fasciculate	i bunter	Clustered, or appearing in bundles.
fastigiate		With erect, parallel and clustered branches, giving the plant a narrow outline.
fertile	fertil	Producing seed or spores capable of germination; of anthers, containing viable pollen.
fertilization	befruktning	The union of male and female gametes.
fibrous	trevlet, fibrøs	Composed of or consisting of loosely arranged woody fibres.
fibrous roots	trevlerøtter	A root system in which there is no main axis, as in the monocotyledons.
filament	pollentråd	A thread; the stalk of a stamen, bearing the anther.
filiform	trådformet	Threadlike, slender and elongated.
fimbriate	frynset	Fringed.
fissured	oppsprukket	With a coarse, uneven surface, applied to the bark of a stem or trunk.
fistulose	rørformet	Cylindrical and hollow; tube-like.
flaccid	slapp	Limp, unable to support its own weight.
fleshy	kjøttfull
flexible	bøyelig	Pliable.
flexuous	bølget	Of a stem or hair, wavy.
floccose	-	Covered with soft hairs which tend to adhere in small tufts.
floriferous	med blomster	Bearing flowers.
flower	blomst	The reproductive unit in angiosperms, typically consisting of gynoecium, androecium and perianth.
foliaceous	bladformet	Leaf-like, having the shape or texture of a leaf.
follicle	belgkapsel	A dry, usually many-seeded fruit developed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of fusion (Ranunculaceae).
foveate	gropet	Pitted.
foveolate	smågropet	Minutely pitted, with small depressions.
free	frie	When applied to floral organs: not fused.
free-central	fri sentral	Of a placenta, with the ovules borne on a free-standing central placenta within the ovary.
frond		A large, divided leaf.
fruit	frukt	Strictly, the ripe, fertilized ovary and its seeds, but usually also comprising false fruits, which are formed also from other floral parts, e.g. bracts or receptacle.
fruticose	buskformet	Shrub-like (woody).
funicle	frøstreng	The stalk of an ovule.
fusiform	teinformet	Spindle-shaped, a body thickest at the middle and tapering towards the ends.
gamete	gamet	A spezialized reproductive cell (usually haploid) which in sexual reproduction fuses with another of the opposite sex, to give the zygote which develops to the embryo.
gametophyte	gametofytt	The haploid plant generation that bears the sexual organs; in pteridophytes an independently living organism (the prothallium), in spermatophytes the pollen grains (male) and the embryo-sac (female).
geitonogamy	nabopollinering	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a different flower on the same plant.
gemma		Synonymous with bulbil.
gemmiferous		With gemmae (bulbils).
geniculate	knebøyd	Abruptly bent like a knee.
genome	genom	A complete chromosome set; a diploid has two genomes.
genotype	genotype	The total set of genes in an individual.
genus	slekt	A group of species which are fairly closely related; genera which are relatively closely related form a family.
geophyte	geofytt	A plant with subterranean winter buds (i.e. surviving the unfavourable season by rhizomes, bulbs, corms or tubers), usually flowering in early spring.
gibbous	puklet	With a rounded pouch-like swelling on one side, as in the calyx of Satureja acinos.
glabrous	snau	Without hairs.
gland	kjertel	A multicellular secretory structure, usually round, on or within the surface of an organ. When raised on a stalk usually called a glandular hair.
glandular	med kjertler, kjertel-	Bearing glands; functioning as a gland.
glandular hair	kjertelhår	A trichome having a head composed of secretory cells borne on a stalk.
globose	kuleformet	Spherical.
glomerule		A small compact cluster, e.g. of flowers.
glumaceous	skjellformet	Glume-like.
glume	ytteragne	One of the paired bracts at the base of a grass spikelet.
granulose	kornet, grynet	With a sand-like surface structure.
group	gruppe	Any recognizable non-formal assemblage of taxa, usually understood in a wider sense than aggregate or complex.
gymnosperm	nakenfrøet	A seed-bearing plant with ovules, and hence seeds, developing on the surface of a leaf.
gynobasic	gynobasisk	A style which, because of the infolding of the ovary wall, appears to be inserted at the base of the ovary, as in the Lamiaceae.
gynodioecious	gynodioik	Having female and bisexual flowers, but on separate plants.
gynoecium	gynøsium	The female parts of a flower; the carpels.
gynomonoecious	gynomonoik	Having bisexual and female flowers on the same plant.
gynophore	gynofor	A stalk bearing the gynoecium above the level of insertion of the other floral parts, as in Silene.
gynostegium	gynostegium	A structure formed from the fusion of the anthers with the stigmatic region of the gynoecium, as in the Asclepiadaceae.
gynostemium		In Orchidaceae, synonymous with column.
habit	habitus, utseende	The general appearance of a plant.
habitat	habitat, voksested	The environment in which a plant lives.
halophyte	halofytt, saltplante	A plant adapted to living in saline habitats.
hamate		Barbed or hooked at the apex.
hapaxanthous	hapaxant	A plant bearing fruit but once and then dying; either annual, biennial or requiring several or many years to reach the flowering and fruiting state.
haploid	haploid	Having a single set of chromosomes.
hastate	spydformet	Of the base of a flat organ, spear-shaped; of a leaf blade, narrow with two basal lobes directed outwards.
head	hode	A racemose inflorescence with unstalked flowers aggregated in a dense cluster.
helicoid	skrueformet	Coiled.
helicoid cyme	skruekvast	A monochasium where the branching takes place repeatedly to the same side.
helophyte	sumpplante	A water or swamp plant protruding above the water surface, but with submerged winter buds.
hemi-	halv-	Half-.
hemicryptophyte	hemikryptofytt	A plant with winter buds close to the ground-level.
herb	urt	A plant dying down to ground-level each year.
herbaceous	urteaktig	Not woody; soft and green, having the texture of a herb.
herkogamy	herkogami	Separation in space between anthers and stigmas within the flower.
hermaphroditic	hermafroditisk, tokjønnet	Bisexual.
hetero-	ulike	Different, other, uneven.
heteroblastic	heteroblastisk	Having progressive change in form and size of successive organs (especially leaves), e.g. difference in leaf shape between the juvenile and adult states.
heterophyllous	heterofylli	Having leaves of two or more distinct forms, often differing in shape and function, e.g. broad-leaved floating leaves and capillary submerged leaves, as in Ranunculus aquatilis.
heterosporous	heterospori	Having two kinds of spores (megaspores, female; and microspores, male) as in all spermatophytes and a few pteridophytes.
heterostylous	heterostyl	Of species having heterostyly.
hexaploid	hexaploid	Having 6 basic sets of chromosomes.
hilum	frønavle	The scar on a seed indicating its point of attachment.
hirsute	ruhåret	With long, coarse, rough hairs.
hispid	stivhåret	With bristles or stiff, bristly hairs.
holotype	holotype	A single specimen or illustration designated by the author of a plant name, at the time of original publication, which fixes the application of the name.
homo-	like	like, of the same kind.
homogamous	homogam	With coincidence of anther dehiscence and stigma receptivity within a flower; also applied to a plant with only one kind of flowers in the cluster.
homologous	homolog	Having the same phylogenetic origin but not necessarily the same structure or function.
homosporous	homospor	Having spores all of one kind, as most pteridophytes.
homostylous	homostyl	Not heterostylous.
hooded	hetteformet, hjelmformet	With a hollow, arched covering, as the upper petal in Aconitum.
hyaline	hinneaktig, hyalin	Colourless and transparent.
hydrochorous	vandspredt	Dispersed by water.
hydrophilous		Pollinated in water.
hydrophyte	vannplante	A submerged or floating aquatic plant with winter buds at the bottom.
hypanthium	underbeger	A tubular or cup-shaped extension of the receptacle, bearing floral parts above the base (and often above the top) of the ovary of a flower, in perigynous and epigynous flowers.
hypo-	under-	Below, under, beneath.
hypodermal		relating to the hypodermis.
hypodermis	hypodermis	A morphologically distinct layer of cells immediately beneath the epidermis, often containing large amounts of sclerenchymatous cells strengthening the tissue.
hypogeal	underjordisk, hypogeisk	Subterranean; of germination, when the cotyledons, which are thick and contain reserve materials, remain within the seed coat below the ground, e.g. Vicia, Quercus.
hypogynous	undersittende	Having perianth and stamens inserted at the base of the ovary, i. e., ovary superior.
imbricate	taklagt	Overlapping like tiles on a roof.
imparipinnate	ulikefinnet	Pinnate with an unpaired terminal leaflet.
inbreeding	innavl	The production of offspring by self-fertilization or from fertilization among genetically closely related parents.
incised	innskåret	Cut sharply, deeply and often irregularly.
inclining	tillbakebøyd	Bending downwards.
incrassate	fortykket	Thickened or swollen.
indehiscent	som ikke åpner seg	Without opening mechanism to release seeds or spores.
indumentum	behåring	The covering of hairs (or other epidermal appendages, e.g. scales) of a plant.
induplicate	innfoldet	Of petals and sepals, folded inwards and with the outsides touching the neighbours.
indusium	slør	A thin scale covering a group of sporangia in many ferns.
inferior	undersittende	Of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of the other floral parts.
inflated	oppblåst	Swollen or expanded; bladdery.
inflexed	skarpt innbøyd	Bent sharply inwards.
inflorescence	blomsterstand	A group of flowers with their branches, bracts and bracteoles.
infraspecific		Of lower taxonomic rank than species.
infructescence	fruktstand	A group of fruits in a plant, usually derived from an inflorescence.
inserted	tilfestet	Attached to or arising from, e.g. stamens inserted on corolla.
integument	integument, frøhinne	One or two outer protective layers of an ovule, developing into the seed-coat.
internode	internodium	The portion of a stem between two successive leaves or leaf pairs, or between flowers of an inflorescence.
interrupted	avbrutt	Of an inflorescence, with the flowers unevenly distributed along the axis, with large gaps.
interruptedly pinnate	mellombrutt finnet	With alternating large and small leaflets.
intine	intine	The inner layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain.
introgression	introgresjon	The incorporation of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species by hybridization followed by backcrossing.
introrse	intrors, innad	Of anthers, opening towards the centre of the flower.
involucre	svøp	A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster; the calyx-like structure at the base of a capitulum, as in the Asteraceae.
involute	innrullet	Rolled inwards; of a leaf, with the margins rolled towards the adaxial (upper) surface.
irregular		Having no plane of symmetry. Synonymous with asymmetric.
isoëtid	bunnskuddplante	A submerged plant, rooted at the bottom, with leaves in a rosette.
isomerous	liketallig	Having an equal number of parts in whorls of different kinds, as in a flower with an equal number of members of each floral whorl.
isotype	isotype	A specimen which is a duplicate of the holotype, i.e. part of the same collection.
juvenile	juvenil	Applied to youth forms, e.g. leaves formed on a young or coppiced plant which are different in shape from the adult leaves.
karyotype	karyotype	The characteristics of all the the chromosomes within the nucleus, especially their size, shape and number.
keel	kjøl	A prominent longitudinal ridge, like the keel of a boat; in Fabaceae, a boat-shaped structure, formed byf the two anterior (lower) united petals of a flower.
keeled	kjølet	Ridged, like the keel of a boat.
labellum	leppe	A lip; a morphologically distinct median petal of an orchid flower.
labiate	med leppe	Lipped; a tubular corolla which in its upper end is expanded into one or (usually) two lips.
lacerate	oppfliset	Deeply and irregularly cut, appearing as if torn.
lacinia	frynser	A segment of a laciniately divided organ.
laciniate	smalfliket	Slashed into narrow, pointed lobes.
lamina	plate	The blade of a leaf or petal.
lanate	ullhåret	Woolly, covered with long, curled and densely matted hairs.
lanceolate	lansettformet	Lance-shaped; narrow and tapering at both ends, c. 3 times as long as wide, widest below the middle.
lateral roots	siderøtter	Roots arising from the main root.
latex	mjølkesaft	Milky fluid, usually whitish.
lax	grissen	Loose arrangement; opposite to dense.
leaf	blad	An expanded, usually photosynthetic organ of a plant.
leaflet	småblad	Each unit of a compound leaf.
lectotype	lektotype	A specimen selected from among those cited with the original description, to serve in place of a holotype which is missing or has been destroyed, or where no holotype was designated.
legume		A fruit type in Fabaceae; a synonyme to pod.
lemma	inneragne	In a grass floret, the lower of the two bracts enclosing the flower.
lemnid	flyteplante	An aquatic plant which is floating on the surface of the water and not rooted at the bottom; as Lemna.
lenticular	linseformet	Lens-shaped, biconvex and +- circular in outline.
liana	liane	A climbing, woody plant.
ligulate	?	With a ligule; strap-shaped. In Asteraceae, applied to a head with ligulate flowers only.
ligule	slirehinne	A strap-shaped structure; the flattened part of the ray corolla in the Asteraceae; a membrane or a fringe of hairs between the sheath and the blade of a leaf, especially in grasses; a small adaxial membranous appendage near the leaf-base in some pteridophytes.
limb	krage, brem	The expanded part of a petal or tepal; the expanded part of a sympetalous corolla, as distinct from the tube.
linear	linjeformet, lineær	Long and narrow with +- parallel sides; in the strict sense with a length/width ratio of about 12:1.
lingulate	tungeformet	Tongue-shaped.
lip	leppe	One of the two segments of a two-lipped corolla or calyx; one of the tepals of an orchid flower.
lobe	flik	A division of an organ, as of a leaf.
lobed	fliket	Partly divided into a few, broad, and mostly determinate number of segments, e.g. two-lobed, three-lobed etc.
loculicidal	romdelende	Applied to a capsule opening along the midrib of each carpel.
loculus	smårom
locus	rom, lokalitet
lomentum	leddskolm, leddbelg	A pod, which at maturity breaks transversally into one-seeded segments.
longistylous	langgriflet, longistyl	Long-styled; of plants or flowers having long styles and short stamens, used in heterostylous taxa.
long-shoot	langskudd	A shoot with long internodes and of potentionally unlimited growth, especially in trees and shrubs.
lyrate	lyreformet	Deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes.
lyrato-	lyre-	As prefix to terms describing leaf shapes means the occurrence of a large terminal lobe.
macro-	stor-	Large.
magenta	rødfiolett	A dark purplish-red colour.
marcescent		Withering without falling off, as the sepals and petals in some flowers or the leaves at the base of some plants.
marginal	kantstilt	At or very close to a margin; of a placenta, having the ovules attached on the fused margins of the carpel, i.e. along the suture.
massula		An aggregation of pollen or spores.
mauve	lilla	A pale purple colour.
medifixed	midtfestet	Attached at or by the middle; of anthers, when the filament is attached near the middle.
mega-	stor	Large.
megaspore	megaspore, storspore	In a heterosporous plant, the female spores that give rise to female gametophytes.
meiosis	meiose	A special form of cell division (in sporangia, pollen-sacs or ovules) in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes.
membranous	hinneaktig	Like a membrane in consistency; thin, soft, flexible, and more or less translucent.
mericarp	delfrukt	A one-seeded portion of a many-seeded fruit that breaks at maturity into units (e.g., Geraniaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae).
-merous	-tallig	The number of parts per whorl that characterizes a particular flower, e.g., 5-merous, pentamerous, having five parts.
meso-	mellom-	Middle.
mesocarp	mesokarp	The middle layer in a fruit wall, often fleshy, sometimes missing.
mesostylous		In species with trimorphic heterostyly: plants or flowers having long and short stamens, and styles intermediate in length.
micro-	små-	Small.
microspore	mikrospore, småspore	In a heterosporous plant, the male spores that give rise to male gametophytes.
midrib	midtnerve	The central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
mitosis	mitose	A division in which a nucleus gives rise to two daughter nuclei, each identical to the parent nucleus; this procedure is necessary for growth and development.
monadelphous	-	Of stamens, with the filaments united into one bundle.
mono-	en-	One-.
monochasium	ensidig kvast	A cyme with one branch from each node.
monocotyledon	enfrøbladet	A flowering plant whose seedlings have only one cotyledon.
monoecious	enkjønnet, monøsisk	Having male and female flowers on the same plant.
monolete	monolet	Applied to a spore with a simple scar marking the point of attachment in the tetrad.
monophyletic	monofyletisk	A group where the members are all descendants of a common ancestor.
monopodial	monopodial	With a persistent terminal growing point.
monothecal	enrommet	With a single cavity or cell; of anthers, with one theca (and thus at most two pollen sacs).
monotypic	monotypisk	With only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family containing only one genus.
mucro	brodd, odd	A short, distinct, stiff terminal point.
mucronate	broddspiss	Ending abruptly in a short, stiff point.
multinodal		With numerous nodes.
muricate	ruglete	Rough to the touch, with short, hard outgrowths of the epidermis.
muticous	butt, snerplaus	Pointless, awnless, blunt; used to indicate contrast to pointed.
mycorrhiza	mykorrhiza	A close physical association between a fungus and the roots of a plant from which both seem to benefit.
myrmecochorous		Dispersed by ants.
naked	naken	Not enclosed; of sporangia, not covered by an indusium; of seeds, exposed on the surface of a sporophyll and not enclosed within an ovary; of flowers, without perianth.
nanophanerophyte	nanofanerofytt	A woody plant with winter buds 25-100 cm above the ground.
navicular	båtformet	Boat-shaped.
nectariferous	med nektar	Of an organ secreting nectar, or with nectar-secreting organs.
nectary	nektarium	A nectar-secreting organ.
neotype	neotype	A specimen selected to serve in place of a holotype, where none of the original material to which the name was originally applied is known to have been preserved.
nerve	nerve, åre	Synonymous with vein.
nigrescent		Ambiguous (has been used both for "becoming black" and "blackish").
nocturnal	nattblomstrende	Nightly.
nodding	nikkende	Bending very much, so that the apex is directed downwards.
node	ledd	The position on the stem where leaves, branches and/or flowers are borne.
nomen conservandum		A name that has been formally accepted as the correct name contrary to the usual principles of botanical nomenclature.
nomen illegitimum		A name which, at the time of its publication, was superfluous because the taxon to which it was applied had already been named, or had already been applied to another plant.
nomen nudum		A name published without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference.
nomen rejiciendum		A name rejected in favour of a nomen conservandum.
nothomorph		One of several morphological variants of a particular hybrid.
nothospecies		A hybrid between two species, when regarded as a unit and given a binary name.
nothosubspecies		A hybrid between two subspecies, when regarded as a distinct unit and given a trinary name.
nucellus	nucellus	The inner part of an ovule, within which the embryo-sac develops.
nut	nøtt	A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit formed from two or more carpels but usually containing a single seed.
nymphaeid	flytebladplante	A plant which has floating leaves and is rooted at the bottom.
ob-	omvendt	The other way up from normal, usually flattened or widened at the distal rather than proximal end.
obconical	omvendt konisk, kjegleformet	Conical but attached at the narrower end.
obcordate	omvendt hjerteformet	Of a leaf, broad and notched at the tip.
oblate	tverroval	Almost circular but wider than long.
obligate	obligat	Being totally dependent upon certain environmental conditions, or being unable to change strategy.
oblique	skjev	With unequal sides, especially of a leaf base, as in Ulmus; slanting.
oblong	avlang	A flat shape with middle part +- parallel-sided, 1.2-3x as long as wide. If less, broadly oblong, if more, narrowly oblong.
obovate	omvendt eggformet	A flat shape similar in shape to ovate but widest at the distal end and 1.2-3x as long as wide. If less, broadly obovate, if more, narrowly obovate.
obtuse	butt	Blunt or rounded at apex.
ochrea	ochrea	A sheath, encircling the stem as a cylinder from the node upwards, as in the Polygonaceae.
ochreola	-	A structure similar to an ochrea, but encircling axes in the inflorescence, as in the Polygonaceae.
opaque	ugjenomskinnelig, matt	Dull, non-translucent.
operculum	lokk	A lid, such as the deciduous cap of a circumscissile capsule.
opposite	motsatt	Of leaves, borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the stem; of floral parts, on the same radius.
orbicular	sirkelrund	A flat shape, circular in outline.
orifice	åpning	The opening, the mouth.
outbreeding	utkryssende	The production of offspring from cross fertilization.
outcrossing	krysspollinering	Deposition of pollen on the stigma of a different plant.
ovary	fruktknute	The basal part of the gynoecium containing the ovules.
ovate	eggrund	Egg-shaped (applied to flat objects): widest below the middle and 1.2-2 times as long as wide. If wider, broadly ovate, if narrower, narrowly ovate.
ovoid	eggformet	A solid shape with the form of an egg.
ovule	frøemne	Organ (inside the ovary in Magnoliopsida, naked in Coniferopsida) that contains the embryo-sac, which in turn contains the egg; developing into the seed after fertilization.
ovuliferous scale	kongleskjell	A structure bearing ovules and becoming woody at seed maturity; applied to scales in the cone in gymnosperms.
palate	svelgpukkel	A projection or raised area on the lower lip of some bilabiate corollas; sometimes, as in Anthirrhinum, it closes the throat completely.
palea	forblad	In a grass floret, the upper of the two bracts enclosing a flower.
palmate	handfliket	Of a simple leaf with three or more distinct lobes whose veins meet at the base.
palmatisect	handdelt	Palmately divided almost down to the midrib.
panduriform	fiolinformet	Fiddle-shaped, obovate with a sinus in each side below the middlle.
panicle	topp	A compound, much-branched cymose inflorescence.
papery	papiraktig	Having a papery consistency.
papilla	papill	A short, rounded nipple-like bump or projection of an epidermal cell.
papillose	papilløs	Covered with papillae.
pappus	fnokk, pappus	Hairs, simple or feathery, or sometimes bristles or scales formed outside the corolla and surrounding the apex of the fruit (Asteraceae).
paraphyletic	parafyletisk	A group of taxa that does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor.
paraphyses	parafyser	Sterile filaments intermingled with sporangia.
parasite	parasitt	An organism living on or in a different organism, and nourishing from it.
parenchyma	parenkym	Unspecialized tissue, often constituting the main part of many organs.
parietal	parietal, randstilt	Attached to the margins of a structure; of a placenta, having the ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary.
paripinnate	likefinnet	Pinnate without an unpaired terminal leaflet.
partial inflorescence	delblomsterstand	A more or less distinct subunit of an inflorescence.
-partite	delt	Divided, almost to the base, into segments.
patent	sprikende	Spreading, projecting more or less at right angles, or expanded.
pectinate	kamformet	Comb-like, with narrow, numerous and close segments arranged like the teeth of a comb.
pedate		Palmately lobed but with the lateral lobes themselves divided into smaller segments, the midribs of which do not directly run to the same point as the rest.
pedicel	blomsterstilk/skaft	The stalk of the individual flower.
pedicellate	skaftet	Stalked (of flowers).
peduncle	blomsterstandstilk/skaft	The stalk of an inflorescense; in gymnosperms, the stalk which supports the cone.
pedunculate	skaftet	Stalked (of inflorescences).
peltate	skjoldformet	Shield-shaped; of a flat, more or less circular organ with a central stalk.
pendent	hengende	Hanging down.
pentamerous	femtalig	Having five parts.
pentaploid	pentaploid	Having 5 basic sets of chromosomes.
perennial	perenn, flerårig	A plant that lives for more than two years.
perfoliate	stengelomfattende	Of a sessile leaf or bract, having its base completely wrapped around the stem so that the stem appears to pass through the blade.
perianth	blomsterdekke	The calyx and corolla together, usually used when the calyx and corolla are not, or little differentiated.
perianth segment	blomsterblad	The lobes of a partially fused perianth, especially when sepals and petals cannot be distinguished.
pericarp	fruktvegg	The fruit wall, developed from the ovary wall.
perigynous	omkringsittende	Of a flower with a superior ovary but with the calyx, corolla and stamens inserted above the base of the ovary on an extension of the receptacle which is not fused with the ovary.
periodically serrate		Serrate, with some teeth, at regular intervals, larger and more prominent than the others.
perisperm	perisperm	Nutritive tissue in a seed similar to endosperm but derived from the nucellus.
perispore	perispor	A membrane or extra outer layer surrounding a spore.
perpendicular	loddrett, vertikal	Directed straight downwards, or at right angle with some other body.
persistent	varig	Remaining attached, not falling off even though the original function of the organ has ceased, e.g. of petals not falling after flowering.
petal	kronblad	One of the segments of the inner whorl(s) of the perianth, usually conspicuously coloured.
petaloid	kronbladliknende	Petal-like; used for brightly coloured sepals, bracts or leaves.
petiolate	skaftet	With a petiole, not sessile.
petiole	bladstilk/skaft	The stalk of a leaf.
petiolulate	skaftet	With stalked leaflets.
petiolule	småbladstilk/skaft	The stalk of a leaflet.
phanerogam	fanerogam, frøplante	A plant reproducing by seeds.
phanerophyte	fanerofytt	A woody plant with winter buds at least 25 cm above the ground.
phenotype	fenotype	The physical characteristics of an organism.
phyllary	korgdekkblad	Sepal-like bracts on the outside of the capitulum in Asteraceae, with a gradual transition between innermost and outermost or arranged in distinct inner and outer whorls.
phylloclade		Synonymous with cladode.
phyllode	fyllodium	A leaf with an expanded, leaf-like petiole but lacking a true blade.
phylogeny	fylogeni	The relationships of a group as reflected by their evolutionary history, i.e. the lines of descent of the group members from their ancestors.
pilose	mjukhåret	Hairy, covered with weak, soft hairs.
pinna	finne	The primary division of a compound leaf; a pinna may be further subdivided into pinnules.
pinnate	finnet	Divided into pinnae.
pinnatifid	fjærfliket	Of a leaf cut deeply into lobes, but by far not to the midrib.
pinnatisect	fjærdelt	Pinnately dissected to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it.
pinnule	småfinne	A division, or leaflet of a pinna; a pinnule may be further subdivided into tertiary segments.
pistil	fruktknute	The female organ of a flower, formed by a single carpel or a group of fused carpels.
pistillate	hunnlig	Female (of flowers).
pistillode		A sterile pistil, often rudimentary.
pith		The spongy, parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.
placenta	frøstol, plasenta	The part within an ovary, to which the ovules are attached.
placentation	plasentasjon	The arrangement of placentas, and hence of ovules, within an ovary.
plastic	plastisk	Varying in form according to environmental conditions, not according to genetic characteristics.
pleiochasium	pleiochasium	A cyme with more than two branches from each node.
pleiotropy	pleiotropi	The ability of a gene to influence more than one phenotypic attribute.
plicate	foldet	Folded.
plumose	fjørformet	Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a central axis.
plurilocular	flerrommet	Hollow, with more than two rooms.
pod	belg, skolm	A fruit type in Fabaceae, formed from a single carpel and splitting into two valves.
pollen	pollen	The powdery mass of microspores shed from the anthers of seed plants.
pollinarium	pollinarium	The pollen grains from two adjacent anther-lobes (thecae) united to a coherent mass for dispersal as a unit in pollination (Asclepiadaceae).
pollinium	pollinium	In orchids, a coherent mass of pollen grains from one anther-lobe (theca) transferred as a unit in pollination.
poly-	mange	Many.
polychronic	polykron	Arising parallel at more than one occasion, from parents of the same species.
polygamous	polygam	With both bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
polymorphic	polymorf, mangeformet	With more than two distinct morphological variants.
polyphyletic	polyfyletisk	A group where the members originated, independently, from more than one evolutionary line.
polyploid	polyploid	Having three or more basic chromosome sets, e.g. 3 (triploid), 4 (tetraploid), 5 (pentaploid), 6 (hexaploid), 7 (heptaploid), 8 (octoploid), 9 (nonaploid), 10 (decaploid) etc.
polytopic	polytop	Arising parallel in more than one place, from parents of the same species.
porate	porat	Of a pollen grain, with rounded apertures.
post-	efter-	After, behind.
posterior		At the back; on the side toward the axis, as the upper lip of a bilabiate corolla.
precocious	for tidlig	Flowering or fruiting before the normal season.
premorse	avskåren	Terminating abruptly in an uneven end, as if bitten off.
prickle	liten torn, børste	A tough, broad-based, sharp-pointed outgrowth from the epidermis, as in Rosa.
pro parte	delvis	Partly, in part.
process	utvekst	An outgrowth or appendage, or something which is going on.
procumbent	nedliggende	Trailing or spreading along the ground.
propagule	diaspor, spredningsenhet	A structure with the capacity to give rise to a new plant, e.g. a seed, a spore, or a part of the vegetative body capable of independent growth if detached from the parent.
prostrate	krypende	Lying flat on the ground.
protandrous	førsthannlig, protandrisk	Of a flower, shedding the pollen before the stigma is receptive.
prothallus		The small, independently living gametophyte generation of ferns and fern allies.
protogynous	førsthunnlig, protogyn	Of a flower, shedding the pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive.
proximal	proximal	Near to the organ's point of attachment.
pseudanthium	pseudanthium	A compact inflorescence of several small flowers, which simulates a single flower.
pteridophytes	karsporeplanter	Ferns and fern allies, i.e. Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Filicopsida.
puberulent	finhåret	Covered with minute, short, soft, erect hairs.
pubescence	behåring	The hair covering.
pubescent	dunhåret	Hairy.
pulvinate	polsterformet	Cushion-shaped.
pulvinus		A swelling at the base of the petiole, often glandular or responsive to touch.
punctate	prikket	Marked with dots, spots or minute glands.
pungent	stikkende	Ending in a hard, piercing point; having a sharp or strong taste or smell.
purple	purpur	A wide range of colours intermediate between red and blue.
pyriform	pæreformet	Pear-shaped.
quadrangular	firkantet	With four right angles; of a solid body, quadrangular in cross-section.
raceme	klase	An unbranched, elongated inflorescence which has pedicellate flowers maturing from the bottom upwards, no terminal flower and a potentially continuously growing apex.
racemose	klaseformet	Racemose inflorescences have no terminal flower and a potentially continuously growing apex, with flowers produced laterally from the main axis, the oldest flowers being the most lateral or lowermost ones; i.e. capitulum, catkin, corymb, raceme, spike and umbel.
rachilla		Of a grass spikelet, the axis above the glumes.
rachis	hovedakse	The main axis - not the stalk - of a compound leaf or an inflorescence.
radiate	radierende, utstrålende	Diverging from a common centre; in Asteraceae, applied to a head with a central region of tubular (disc) flowers and an outer region of ligulate (ray) flowers.
radical	låg-	Basal.
ramet	ramet	One of several genetically identical individuals, arisen by vegetative propagation.
ray	stråle	Anything that radiates outwards, e.g. a branch of an umbel, stigma-ridges in Papaver and Nuphar.
reclining	bakoverbøyd	Turned or bent downward.
recurved	tilbakebøyd	Bent backwards.
reduplicate	utfoldet	With margins bent abruptly outwards and externally joined to each other, applied to arrangement of floral parts in the bud.
reflexed	kraftig tilbakebøyd	Bent sharply backwards.
reniform	nyreformet	Kidney-shaped.
repand	grunt buktete	When the margin is uneven or wavy, with shallow undulations.
resin	kvæ, resin	A dense sticky substance of oxidised hydrocarbons, produced by some plants, i.e. conifers.
resin duct	resinkanal	Canals in the wood, leaves or needles of certain plants, containing resin.
resinous	kvæliknende	Resin-like.
resupinate	omvendt, resupinat	Turned upside down by twisting of the stalk or the ovary; applied to zygomorphic flowers, a common feature in the Orchidaceae.
reticulate	nettåret	Forming or covered with a network.
retrorse	bakoverbøyd	Directed towards the proximal end.
retuse	grunt utrandet	With a small incision in a round or blunt apex.
revolute	bakoverrullet	Rolled downwards or backwards; of a leaf, with the margins rolled towards the abaxial (lower) surface.
rhizomatous	med jordstengel	Bearing rhizomes, or in the form of a rhizome.
rhizome	jordstengel	Underground or ground-level, usually horizontally growing stem, often more or less swollen or thickened.
rigid	stiv	Stiff, not flexible.
rootstock	rotstokk	An unprecise term applied to thickened, vertical, underground stems or parts.
rosette	rosett	A cluster of tightly packed leaves circularly spreading in one plane.
rostellum	rostellum	A small beak; in orchids, an extension from the upper edge of the stigma.
rufescent		Ambiguous (has been used both for "becoming red" and "reddish").
rugose	rynket	With a deeply wrinkled surface.
rugulose	smårynket	With minutely wrinkled surface.
ruminate		Very uneven and looking as if chewed, e.g. of bark, or of seeds with intrusions into the endosperm by infolding of the inner layer of the seed coat.
runcinate	høvelformet	With lobes or large teeth pointing towards the base of the leaf.
runner	utløper	Synonymous with stolon.
saccate	sekkformet	Bag- or pouch-shaped.
sagittate	pilformet	Of the base of a flat organ, shaped like an arrow-head; of a leaf blade, narrow with two basal lobes directed downwards.
saprophyte	saprofytt	A plant (usually lacking chlorophyll) which nourishes wholly or mainly from soluble organic compounds in decaying organisms.
scabrid	fint ru	Rough to the touch with short, hard projections. Synonymous with asperous and muricate.
scabridulous		Minutely roughened.
scabrous		Synonymous with scabrid.
scale	skjell	A flattened, membranous or sometimes woody structure, usually a reduced leaf, a thin flap of tissue of epidermal origin or a flat, thin trichome.
scape	stengel, skaft	A flowering stem of a plant in which all the leaves are basal, none on the stem.
scapose	med skaft	With a scape; of herbs, with a basal rosette and an inflorescence rising from the centre of the rosette on a leafless stalk.
scarious	hinneaktig	Of thin, dry, membranous texture and not green; opposite of herbaceous.
scarlet	skarlagensrød	A warm, bright red colour with a tinge of yellow.
schizocarp	spaltfrukt	A dry fruit formed from more than one carpel but breaking apart into single-seeded units (mericarps) when ripe.
sciophyte	skyggeplante	A plant that grows only in shady places.
sclerenchyma	sklerenkym	Strengthening tissue in a partly or mostly non-woody organ.
scorpioid cyme	svikkel, siksakkvast	A monochasium where the branching takes place alternately to the left and to the right and that is coiled up like a scorpion's tail when young.
scrambler	slyngplante	Applied to a plant sprawling over other plants, fences etc. and being supported by these, usually by being anchored with hooks or tendrils.
scutate	skjoldformet	Buckler-shaped, resembling a small circular shield with a raised centre.
secund	ensidig	One-sided, when parts or organs are all directed to the same side (applied especially to the grouping of flowers in an inflorescence or stamens in a flower).
seed	frø	The reproductive structure formed from a fertilized ovule.
self-compatible	sjølfertil	Self-fertile, able to self-fertilize.
self-fertilization	sjølbefruktning	Fertilization by pollen from the same individual; including both autogamy and geitonogamy.
self-incompatible	sjølinkompatibel	Self-sterile, not able to self-fertilize.
self-pollination	sjøl-pollinering	The transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma in the same flower or to a flower on the same individual.
semi-	halv-	Half, somewhere in between, e. g., semierect, not quite upright.
sensu lato	i vid betydning	In the broad sense.
sensu stricto	i trang/snever betydning	In the narrow sense.
sepal	begerblad	One of the segments of the outer whorl(s) of the perianth.
sepaloid	begerbladliknende	Sepal-like.
septicidal	skilleveggdelende	Applied to a capsule opening along the edges of the carpels.
septifragous	skilleveggbrytende	Of the dehiscence of a fruit, when the valves or backs of the carpels break away from the septa.
septum	skillevegg	A wall or membrane between rooms of the same kind, e.g. in a capsule.
serial	seriell	Arranged in a row; serial buds are axillary, each one adaxial to the next older bud.
sericeous	silkehåret	Silky, with a covering of appressed, soft, straight and glossy hairs.
serrate	sagtannet	Toothed like a saw, with acute teeth pointing forward.
serrulate	fint sagtannet	Minutely serrate.
sessile	sittende	Stalkless, or with no visible stalk; when applied to a stigma, indicates that the stigma is situated directly on the ovary.
seta	børstehår	A bristle or stiff hair.
setaceous	børsteformet	Bristle-like, but not necessarily rigid.
setose		Beset with bristles.
sheath	slire	A tubular organ, enveloping another organ; e.g. the basal part of Poaceae leaves, which encloses the stem.
shoot	skudd	A young stem or branch.
short-shoot	kortskudd	A shoot with very short internodes and of strictly limited growth, especially on trees and shrubs.
shrub	busk	A woody, perennial plant, many-stemmed or branching from the base, usually 1-4 m tall.
sigmoid	S-formet	Bent like the letter S.
silicula	kortskulpe	A short siliqua, less than three times as long as its width.
siliqua	langskulpe	A dry, dehiscent fruit characteristic of the family Brassicaceae, formed from a superior ovary of two carpels (with two parietal placentas) joined margin to margin, and divided into two loculi by a membranous wall (false septum) between the placentas. In the strict sense a siliqua is at least three times as long as its width.
simple	enkel	Not compound; of a leaf, not divided into leaflets; of an inflorescence or a hair, without branching.
sinuate	buktet	Of leaf margins, with deep, rounded incisions.
sinus	innbuktning	The rounded emargination between two lobes of an expanded organ such as a leaf or a petal; basal sinus, the sinus at the base of a leaf, on either side of the petiole, if present.
solitary	enkeltvis	Borne singly.
sorus	sorus, sporehushop	A discrete group of sporangia, in ferns.
spadix	kolbe	A spike-like inflorescence with a thickened and often succulent axis.
spathe	hylsterblad	A large bract surrounding an inflorescence (Araceae, Lemnaceae, Hydrocharitaceae).
spathulate	spadeformet, spatelformet	Paddle- or spoon-shaped; obovate with an extended basal part.
species	art
spermatophyte	frøplante	A plant reproducing by seeds, i.e. Coniferopsida and Magnoliopsida.
spheroid		Globose with somewhat compressed or flattened poles.
spike	aks	A simple, elongated, erect racemose inflorescence with sessile flowers or spikelets.
spikelet	småaks	The ultimate flower cluster of grasses, consisting of one to many flowers subtended by two bracts (glumes).
spine	torn	A woody sharp-pointed structure, usually not greatly widened at base, formed by modification of a plant organ, e.g. a shoot, leaf or part of a leaf, as in Berberis.
spinose	tornet	With spines.
spinule	liten torn	A small spine.
spinulose	småtornet	With small spines.
sporangium	sporangium, sporehus	A body producing spores.
spore	spore	A simple unit of dispersal, produced either sexually or asexually, and consisting of one or a few cells; produced on the sporophyte and developing into the gametophyte.
sporophyll	sporofyll	A specialised leaf that bears one or more sporangia, sometimes scale-like or in some other way modified.
sporophyte	sporofytt	The diploid generation of a plant that bears the sporangia (ovules and pollen-sacs in Magnoliopsida); the main plant body of all vascular plants.
spur	spore	A tapering projection; in flowers, a tubular pouch-like outgrowth of any part of a flower, often containing nectar; a short-shoot of the stem, bearing leaves and/or flo

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