Botanical terms: English/Danish

English/Danish
english	dansk	explanation
a-	uden, manglende	Without, lacking.
a-, ab-	væk fra	"Away from".
abiotic	abiotisk	Not involving living organisms.
abortive	abortiv, aborterende	Imperfectly developed, not grown to its normal size or function, usually of flowers or fruits.
abscission	-fald, løvfald	The normal shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, e.g. an old leaf, a ripe fruit etc.
acaulescent	stængelløs	Stemless, or with no visible stem.
accrescent	viderevoksende, tiltagende	Enlarging after maturity, as the stem or the calyx of some plants after flowering.
achene	skalfrugt	A small, dry, indehiscent, single-seeded fruit, characteristic of Ranunculus; in a strict sense developed from a superior ovary of one carpel and with the seed free from the fruit wall.
acicular	nåleformet	Needle-shaped, narrow, stiff and pointed.
aciculate		Finely scored on the surface, as if scratched by a pin.
acrogynous	akrogyn	In sedges, with female flowers in the top of the spike.
acroscopic		Facing towards the apex or distal end of an organ.
actinomorphic	radiærsymmetrisk	Of flowers, radially symmetrical, symmetrical about more than one plane passing through the axis of the flower.
aculeate	pigget	Prickly.
acuminate	tilspidset	Tapering gradually to a protracted point.
acute	spids	Tapering to a pointed apex with more or less straight sides.
ad-	til, mod	"To", "towards".
adaxial	adaksial	Of a lateral organ, the side or surface facing towards the axis, normally the upper surface.
adnate	tilvokset	Fused to an organ of a different kind, e.g. applied to a stamen fused to a petal.
adventitious	adventiv-	Arising in abnormal positions; of buds, those produced elsewhere than in the axils of leaves or the end of a branch; of roots, those coming from organs other than the main root system, such as the stem.
adventive	indslæbt, forvildet	Indeliberately brought in by man or his agents recently.
aerial	luft-	Whole plants or parts of plants living above the surface of the ground or water.
aestivation	knopleje	The spatial arrangement of floral parts in the bud.
agamospecies		A species which usually produces seeds asexually, by agamospermy.
agamospermy	agamospermi	The formation of seeds by pseudo-sexual means. The embryo is formed from entirely maternal tissue, so that the offspring is genetically identical with their female parent.
aggregate	aggregat	A clump or cluster; an aggregate fruit is a cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of one flower strawberry or raspberry; in taxonomy, an aggregate is an assemblage of distinct, though very similar taxa with a phylogenetic relationship.
alate	vinget	With wing-like appendages.
allele	allel	One of two or more alternate forms of a gene.
allogamous		With allogamy.
allogamy	allogami	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a different flower, either between different flowers of the same plant (geitonogamy, resulting in selfing), or between flowers of different plants (xenogamy, resulting in crossing).
allopatric	allopatrisk	Of two or more taxa, occupying different geographical areas.
allopolyploid	allopolyploid	A polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.
allotetraploid
alternate	alternerende, spredt, skruestillet	Of leaves or other lateral organs, borne singly at different levels on the axis; of floral parts, on a different radius, describing e.g. the position of petals with respect to sepals.
alternately pinnate	alternerende finnet	Of a pinnate leaf, where the leaflets are not opposite.
alveolate	alveolat, bikage-	With small pits, looking like a honeycomb.
amphidiploid	amfidiploid	An allopolyploid that forms only bivalents at meiosis, thus functionally a diploid.
amplexicaul	stængelomfattende	Of a leaf base, clasping the stem.
analogous	analog	A structure that functions similarly but has a different phylogenetic origin than another entity.
anastomosing	anastomoserende	Forming a network; usually applied to veins.
androdioecious		Having male and bisexual flowers, but on separate plants.
androecium	andrøcium, støvbladene	The male reproductive organs of a flower; all the stamens.
androgynophore	androgynofor	A stalk above the level of the insertion of the perianth, bearing both the androecium and the gynoecium.
androgynous	androgyn, enbo	Having male and female flowers on the same plant. Synonymous with monoecious.
andromonoecious	____???	Having male and bisexual flowers on the same plant.
androphore	androfor	A stalk supporting a group of stamens.
anemochorous	vindspredt	Dispersed by wind.
anemophilous	vindbestøvet	Pollinated by wind.
aneuploid	aneuploid	A plant having a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the base chromosome number of the group.
angiosperm	dækfrøet, angiosperm	A seed-bearing plant with ovules, and hence seeds, developing within an ovary.
angular	kantet	Of stems, having more or less distinct corners in cross-section, e.g. triangular, quadrangular; of leaves, having several salient angles on the margin. Obtuse-angled, when the angles are rounded, acute-angled, when they are sharp.
anisomerous		Having a different number of parts (usually less) in whorls of different kinds, as in a flower with five sepals and petals, but only two stamens.
annual	annuel, enårig	A plant that completes its life cycle within a year; a winter annual germinates in autumn and flowers the next spring or summer, a summer annual germinates in spring and flowers the same year.
annulus	ring	A ring; in ferns, the elastic ring of cells, forming part of the sporangium wall.
ante-	for-	Before, in front of.
anterior		In the front; on the side away from the axis, as the lower lip of a bilabiate corolla.
anther	støvknap	The part of the stamen containing the pollen.
anthesis	blomstring	The period during which the flower is open, from bud-burst until withering of floral parts.
anthocyanin		A large group of water soluble pigments that are red, blue or violet, usually giving plant parts a reddish tinge.
antrorse	fremadvendt, fremadrettet	Directed towards the distal end.
apetalous	apetal	Without petals.
apex	spids	The very tip of an organ.
apical	apikal	At the apex; also used in the sense of distal. Of a placenta, having the ovules attached at the top of the ovary.
apiculate	brodspidset	With an apiculum, ending abruptely in a short, flexible point.
apiculum	(kort) brod	A short, distinct, flexible terminal point.
apocarpous	apokarp	A flower with carpels free from one another, as in Ranunculus.
apomictic	apomiktisk	A plant that propagates by a non-sexual mode, including seed formation without fertilization (agamospermy) and vegetative reproduction.
apomixis	apomiksi	Any form of reproduction by non-sexual means, including seed formation without fertilization (agamospermy) and vegetative reproduction.
apophysis	apofyse, skjold	A thickened terminal part of the ovuliferous scale on the cone of certain pines; a projection or protuberance.
appendiculate		With small appendages.
appressed	tiltrykt	Pressed closely against another organ but not united with it, e.g. hairs on the stem.
arborescent	vedagtig	Tree-like in growth or general appearance; applied to non-woody plants and to shrubs becoming tree-like in size.
archegonium	arkegonium	In non-seed plants, the structures where eggs are produced.
arcuate	bueformet	Curved like a bow.
areola	celle	The area delimited by one mesh in a web pattern; e.g. a distinct area on the face of a seed, bounded by a fine line, or the space bounded by the finest veins in a leaf-blade.
areolate	areolat	Marked out into small, usually angular spaces.
aril	frøkappe	A more or less succulent covering around a seed, inside the pericarp and outside the seed coat, as in Taxus.
arista	børste	An awn or bristle.
aristate	forsynet med børster, aristat	Having an awn or bristle at the tip.
articulate	leddelt	Jointed.
ascending	opstigende	Growing erect after an oblique beginning, usually curved.
asexual reproduction	asexuel/ukønnet formering	The formation of new individuals without the fusion of gametes, the offspring being genetically identical to the parent.
asperous	ru	Rough to the touch with short, hard projections. Synonymous with scabrid and muricate.
asymmetric	asymmetrisk	Irregular, with no plane of symmetry.
auricle	bladøre	An ear-shaped appendage at the base of a leaf or a leaflet.
auriculate		With auricles.
autogamous	autogam	With autogamy.
autogamy	autogami	Within-flower fertilization; also (from genetical point of view) within-individual fertilization.
autopolyploid	autopolyploid	A polyploid species resulting from one species doubling its chromosome number.
awn	avne	A bristle-like appendage, e.g. on the tip or back of the lemma of a grass flower.
axil	bladhjørne	The angle between main and lateral axes, e.g. the angle between a bract or leaf and the axis bearing it.
axile		On an axis; of a placenta, on the central axis of the ovary.
axillary	aksillær	In the axil.
axis	akse	The main or central stem of a plant or inflorescence.
basal	basal, grundstillet	At or near the base; of a placenta, having the ovules attached at the base of the ovary.
basifixed	basifiks	Attached at or by the base; of anthers, when the filament is attached to the base of the anther.
basigynous	basigyn	In sedges, with female flowers at the base of the spike.
basiscopic	bagudvendt, bagudrettet	Facing towards the base or proximal end of an organ.
beak	næb	A prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit.
berry	bær	A juicy indehiscent fruit, with the seed(s) embedded in a fleshy tissue, as the tomato.
bi-	to-, tve-	Two, twice.
biconvex	bikonveks	Convex on two sides.
bidentate	dobbelt tandet	Ambiguous; use "with two teeth" or "doubly dentate" instead.
biennial	bienn, toårig	A plant that needs two years to complete its life cycle, not flowering in the first season.
bifid	kløvet	Two-cleft.
bilabiate	tolæbet	Two-lipped.
bilocular	torummet	Having two cavities.
bilomentum	ledskulpe	A siliqua which at maturity breaks transversally into one-seeded segments.
binary name	binært navn	The name of a species is a binary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by the specific epithet.
bipartite	tvedelt	Divided nearly to the base into two parts.
bipinnate	dobbelt finnet	Twice pinnate, i.e. the primary divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnate.
bisexual	hermafroditisk,	Bearing both male and female organs together, e.g. in the same flower.
bisymmetric	bisymmetrisk	Of flowers, having two planes of symmetry, as in Brassicaceae.
biternate	dobbelt tredelt	Twice ternate, the three pinnae each divided into three pinnules.
blade	plade	The expanded part of a leaf.
bloom	dug (eg. blådugget frugt)	A delicate, waxy, easily removed covering to fruit, leaves, twigs etc.; see also pruinose.
bract	støtteblad; storsvøb(Apiaceae)	A modified, often scale-like leaf subtending a flower, an inflorescence or a branch; in the Apiaceae applied to the leaves at the base of the rays of a compound umbel; in the Pinaceae applied to the outer scale subtending the ovuliferous scale of a cone.
bracteate	med støtteblade, med storsvøb	With bracts.
bracteole	forblad	A supplementary or secondary bract on the pedicel of a flower; usually paired in dicotyledons, single in monocotyledons.
brevistylous	kortgriflet	Short-styled; of plants or flowers having short styles and long stamens, used in heterostylous taxa.
bud	knop	An immature shoot covered with tough scales, or an undeveloped flower usually protected by the calyx.
bud-scales	knopskæl	Scales enclosing a bud before it expands.
bulb	løg	A swollen, usually underground organ made up of a condensed stem and succulent, scale-like leaves or leaf bases.
bulbil	yngleknop	A small, usually axillary bulb or tuber, usually formed in the axil of a leaf or replacing flowers in an inflorescence, and functioning to propagate the plant vegetatively.
bulbiliferous		With bulbils.
caducous	affaldende	Falling off at an early stage.
caespitose	tueformet	Growing in tufts, tufted.
callosity		A dot-like or linear structure with incrassate and/or brightly coloured tissue in e.g. leaves or tepals.
callus		In the Poaceae used for the incrassate lowermost part of the lemma, which is sometimes pointed and/or hairy.
calyptra	rodhætte	A cap- or hood-like covering that protects the root tip.
calyx	bæger	Collective term for the sepals of one flower; when the sepals are partly fused the calyx tube is the fused part of the calyx, the calyx lobes the free part of the sepals.
campanulate	klokkeformet	Bell-shaped.
canaliculate	furet	With a longitudinal groove or channel.
capillary	hårfin	Very slender, hair-like; of leaves, finely dissected as in submerged leaves of Ranunculus aquatilis.
capitulum	kurv, hoved	An inflorescence with a dense cluster of sessile flowers borne on a flattened or vaulted receptacle, e.g. Asteraceae and Dipsacaceae.
capsule	kapsel	A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more united carpels.
carnose	kødet, sukkulent	Synonymous with succulent.
carpel	frugtblad	The ovule-bearing unit having its margins fused together, or fused with those of other carpels to enclose the ovule(s) in an ovary.
cartilaginous	bruskagtig	Hard and tough, but slightly pliable.
caryopsis	skalfrugt	A dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, characteristic of Poaceae.
catkin	rakle	A spike of more or less reduced flowers (often unisexual and without perianth); in the strict sense pendent and flexible.
caudate	haleformet	Having a long tail-like tip or appendage.
caudicle	polliniestilk	A thread to which a pollen mass is attached (Orchidaceae, Asclepiadaceae).
cauliflorous	kauliflori	Of plants with flowers and fruits borne on old wood.
cauline	stængel-	Borne on the stem.
ceratophyllid	flydeplante	A plant which is free-floating in the water or lying on the bottom, but not rooted, e.g. Ceratophyllum.
chamaephyte	dværgbusk	A plant with winter buds above ground, but below 25 cm.
chartaceous	papiragtig	Having a papery consistency.
chasmogamous	chasmogam	Of flowers which open, thus giving possibilities for cross-pollination.
chlorotic	klorotisk	Applied to a plant appearing pale green or yellow due to abnormally low chlorophyll content caused by deficiency or disease.
choripetalous	frikronet	With the petals free from each other.
chorology		The study of the geographical distribution of organisms.
ciliate	ciliat, randhåret	With regularly arranged fine, more or less patent hairs along the margin, like the hairs of an eyelash.
circinate		Spirally coiled like the head of a crozier, as developing leaves of ferns; spirally rolled from apex to base, when applied to arrangement of parts in the bud.
circumscissile	omkringskåret (~buddike)	Of capsules, opening with a circular split around the top, cutting off a cap or lid.
cirrhose	med slyngtråd	Tendrilled, ending in a slender appendage that is wavy or spirally rolled up.
cladode	kladodie	A stem with the form and function of a leaf (same as phylloclade and cladophyll), as in Asparagus and Cytisus.
cladophyll
clasping	omsluttende	Grasping, embracing.
clathrate		With regular slots or holes, resembling a lattice.
claw	negl	The narrow, stalk-like proximal part of a petal, sepal or bract.
clavate	kølleformet	Club-shaped, slender at base and distally gradually thickened.
cleistogamous	kleistogam	Of flowers which do not open but become self-pollinated in the bud stage.
climber	klatrende	Growing more or less erect by winding or climbing with roots, hooks or tendrils, using other objects as support.
clonal	klondannende	Forming stands of genetically identical individuals by vegetative reproduction.
clone	klon	Genetically identical individuals, produced asexually from one parent.
cochlear		Of the arrangement of petals in a bud, a variant of imbricate where one petal, being larger than the others, and hollowed like a helmet, covers all the others.
cochleariform	skeformet	Concave like a spoon, spoon-like.
cochleate		Coiled like a snail-shell.
colliculate		Of a seed coat covered with small rounded or hillock-like elevations.
colpate		Of a pollen grain, having elongated apertures in the wall.
colporate		Of a pollen grain, having apertures which are elongated at the outer surface of the pollen wall, but roundish at its inner surface.
column	søjle	A structure formed by the union of the staminal filaments and the style in the Orchidaceae.
columnar	søjlelignende	Column-like.
commissure	sammenføjning, kommissur	A seam, the line along which two organs are fused or adhere, e.g. the interfacing of two carpels in an ovary, and the scarious areas uniting the calyx lobes in some Caryophyllaceae.
complex	kompleks	An assemblage of closely related taxa which may be difficult to define or are very variable.
compound	sammensat	The opposite of simple, composed of two or more units; of a leaf, divided right to the rachis into distinct leaflets; of an inflorescence, when the same pattern of branching is repeated twice or more times, e.g. compound umbel.
compressed	sammentrykt	Flattened, usually laterally, bringing the sides closer together as the pod of a pea.
cone	kogle	A more or less compact structure of sporophylls spirally arranged along a central axis, woody in Pinaceae. Also applied to conelike infructescences in some flowering plants.
cone scale	kogleskæl	The ovuliferous scale and its bract fused together in the Cupressaceae.
confluent	sammenflydende	The running together of two parts into one, blending.
connate	sammenvokset	Fused to another organ or other organs of the same kind, e.g. petals connate.
connective	knapbånd (støvknapbånd)	The part of the anther connecting the pollen-containing thecae.
connivent	sammenstødende	Converging or coming into contact, but not actually fused or united.
conoidal		Almost cone-shaped.
contiguous	berørende hinanden	Touching at the edges with no gap between.
contorted	snoet	Spirally twisted; of floral parts in a bud, a form of imbricate arrangement in which each segment with one edge overlapping the adjacent segment.
contracted	sammentrukket	Drawn together to become shorter or narrower.
convolute	sammenrullet	Rolled up longitudinally.
cordate	hjerteformet	Of leaf base, having two equal more or less rounded lobes at base.
cordiform	hjerteformet	Shaped like a heart, in outline.
coriaceous	læderagtig	Of a leathery texture.
corm	knold	A short, solid, swollen, usually underground stem or stem base.
corolla	krone	Collective term for the petals of a flower; when the petals are partly fused, the tube is the fused part of the corolla, the lobes are the free part of the petals.
corona	bikrone	A ring of tissue arising from the corolla, perianth or filaments of a flower.
coronal scales	bikroneflige	Flaps (usually two) at the base of the petal limb in some Caryophyllaceae, e.g. Lychnis, Viscaria.
corymb	halvskærm	A racemose inflorescence in which the lower flowers have longer pedicels than those of the flowers above, producing a flat-topped or slightly vaulted inflorescence.
corymbose	halvskærm-	Having flowers in corymbs. The term is sometimes used of a corymb-like inflorescence.
costa	midtribbe, -nerve	The midrib or rachis of a pinna.
costule		In ferns, the midrib or rachis of a pinnule.
cotyledon	kimblad	The primary leaves of an embryo or a seedling, 1 in monocotyledons, usually 2 in dicotyledons, 2- to several in gymnosperms; usually quite different in appearance from subsequent leaves.
crenate	rundtakket	Of the margin of a flat organ, with rounded teeth.
crenulate	fint rundtakket	Of the margin of a flat organ, with small, rounded teeth.
crested	forsynet med kam eller ribbe	With an elevated, irregular ridge, resembling the crest of a helmet; chiefly applied to seeds and to appendages of the anthers.
crimson	højrød	A deep red colour, only slightly purplish.
crispate	kruset	Curly, wavy or crinkled.
cross fertilization	krydsbefrugtning	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a genetically different individual.
cross pollination	krydsbestøvning, fremmedsbestøvning, -pollinering	The transfer of pollen from the anthers of one individual to the stigma of a different individual of the same species.
crown	krone	The part of a tree above the level of the lowest branch.
crozier	bispestav	A bishop's stick; used of the young coiled leaf in many ferns.
crustaceous	skorpeagtig	Hard, thin and brittle.
cryptogam	kryptogam	A plant that produces spores, not seeds. Among vascular plants, the ferns and fern allies.
cucullate	hætteformet	Hooded, hood-shaped.
culm	strå	The stem of Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.
cuneate	kileformet	Wedge-shaped (with straight, converging sides).
cupule	skål	A small cup; in Fagaceae, a cup-shaped, hardened structure enclosing one or a few fruits.
cuspidate	kort tilspidset	Abruptly tapering into a sharp, rigid point.
cylindrical	cylindrisk	Like a cylinder, i.e. long and narrow with a circular cross-section.
cymbiform	bådformet	Boat-shaped, synonymous with navicular.
cyme	kvast	An inflorescence, or part of an inflorescence, in which each flower terminates a growing axis, and where further flowers are formed on branches arising below it.
cymose	kvastagtig	Of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud.
cypsela		A small, dry, indehiscent single-seeded fruit formed from an inferior ovary, characteristic of Asteraceae.
cystolith		An outgrowth from the cell wall, encrusted with calcium carbonate.
decaploid		Having 10 of the basic sets of chromosomes.
deciduous	løvfældende	Not persistent, falling seasonally; of leaves, falling in the autumn.
decumbent	nedliggende	Reclining on the ground but with the tip turning up.
decurrent	nedløbende	Extending downwards; of a lateral organ, having its base prolonged down the main axis, e.g. when a leaf continues along the stem as a flange.
decussate	parvist/korsvist modsatte	Of opposite leaves, when the successive pairs are at right angles to each other.
deflexed	nedbøjet - indadkrummet	Bent sharply downwards.
dehiscent	opspringende	Opening naturally at maturity to release seeds, spores or pollen.
deltoid	deltaformet, murskeformet	Pyramid-shaped.
dendroid		Tree-shaped, resembling a tree in form but not in size, e.g. dendroid hairs.
dentate	tandet	Toothed, with the teeth directed outwards.
denticulate	fint tandet	Minutely toothed.
depauperate	reduceret	Starved or reduced; refers to plants less well developed than in normally grown ones.
depressed	nedtrykt, fladtrykt	Flattened, somewhat sunken in the centre.
descending	nedstigende	Having a direction gradually downwards.
determinate	"lukket" blomsterstand sympodial	Of growth or branching, with a bud or flower terminating the growth of the main axis; of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, e.g. cyme, panicle.
diadelphous		Having the stamens united into two groups, or one free, the others united (Fabaceae).
dichasium	toarmet kvast	A cyme with two branches from each node.
dichogamy		Separation in time between pollen presentation from anthers and pollen reception on to stigmas within the flower. A dichogamous species may be protandrous or protogynous.
dichotomous	dikotom, gaffeldelt	Branching by forking into two equal branches.
dicotyledon	tokimbladet, dikotyledon	A flowering plant whose seedling has two cotyledons.
digitate	fingret	Of a compound leaf, when the leaflets diverge from the same point like the fingers of a hand.
dilated	udvidet	Expanded, widened.
dimorphic	dimorf	With two different forms.
dioecious	tvebo, særbo	Having male and female flowers on separate plants.
diploid	diploid	Having two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
disc	diskus	Anything disc-shaped, e.g. the top of the hips in Rosa; a fleshy, usually nectar-secreting ring between whorls of floral parts or borne directly on the ovary; the central part of the capitulum (with tubular flowers) in some Asteraceae (cf. ray flowers).
discoid	skive	Like a disc or plate; in Asteraceae, applied to a head with tubular flowers only.
dissected	delt	Divided into segments.
distal	distal	Far from the point of attachment; the distalmost part of a leaf is the tip.
distichous	toradet	Two-ranked; regularly arranged one above the other in two opposite rows, one on each side of the stem.
dithecal		Of anthers, with two thecae (and thus four pollen sacs).
diurnal		Of flowers, opening only during daylight.
divaricate	udspærret	Widely spreading, dividing into widely divergent branches.
divergent	divergerende	Of two or more like structures, spreading so that the apices are further apart than their bases.
dormancy	hvile, dvale	A resting phase with reduced metabolism found in buds, seeds and spores.
dorsifixed	dorsifiks	Attached at or by the back; of anthers, when the filament is attached to the abaxial side of the anther.
dorsiventral	dorsiventral, med en ryg- og en bugside	Having structurally different upper and lower surfaces.
doubly dentate	dobbelttandet	Dentate with small teeth on the large ones.
doubly serrate	dobbelt savtakket	Serrate with small teeth on the large ones.
drooping	nikkende	Slightly hanging, so that the apex is directed towards the the horizon.
drupaceous	stenfrugt-	Drupe-like but not strictly a drupe.
drupe	stenfrugt	A juicy, indehiscent fruit with one or a few seeds, each surrounded by a stony layer formed from the fruit wall, e.g. Prunus.
duplicato-dentate	dobbelttandet	Doubly dentate, i.e. with toothed teeth.
dwarf-shrub	dværgbusk	Small shrub, a small and woody perennial plant, up to 100 cm tall, with many stems or branching at the base.
e-, ex-	uden, manglende	Without, lacking; from, out of, away from.
ebracteate	uden støtteblade	Without bracts.
echinate	pigget	Spinose, bearing numerous spines, prickles or stiff hairs.
ecotype	økotype	A genetically fixed variant of a taxon particularly adapted to some environmental condition.
ectotrophic mycorrhiza	ektotrofisk mykorrhiza	Mycorrhiza, with the fungus forming a layer outside the root.
eglandular	uden kirtler, kirtelløs	Without glands.
elaiosome	olielegeme	An oil-rich appendage or distinct swelling of a seed or fruit, serving as food for ants and hence an aid to dispersal by these.
elater	elater, svingtråd	In Equisetum, hygroscopic bands attached to the spore and serving for dispersal (there are usually four elaters on each spore).
electrophoresis	elektroforese	Technique for separating molecules of different sizes and charges (especially isozymes).
ellipsoid	ellipsoid	A solid shape elliptic in side view.
elliptic	elliptisk	A flat shape widest at the middle and 1.2-3 times as long as wide. If broader, broadly elliptic, if narrower, narrowly elliptic.
elodeid		Long-shoot plants, which is free-floting in the water or laying on the bottom, but not rooted, e.g. Elodea.
elongated	forlænget	Prolonged, extended, notably long.
emarginate	udrandet	With a broad, shallow notch in a truncate apex.
embryo	kim, embryo	A young plant contained within the seed.
enclosed	indesluttet, ikke udragende	Not protruding.
endocarp	endokarp	The innermost layer of the fruit wall; in a drupe the stony layer surrounding the seed.
endosperm	frøhvide	The nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of a seed.
endotrophic mycorrhiza	endotrofisk mykorrhiza	Mycorrhiza, with the fungus living within the roots.
endozoochorous	med endozoisk spredning	Of a taxon whose seeds are dispersed within animals, i.e. eaten.
ensiform	sværdformet	Sword-shaped.
entire	hel, helrandet	Having a smooth margin, not toothed or dissected.
entomophilous	insektbestøvet	Insect-pollinated.
epi-	på	upon, on top of or added to.
epicalyx	yderbæger	A whorl of bracts just below a flower, calyx-like but outside and additional to the calyx.
epidermal		Associated with the epidermis.
epidermis	epidermis	The outermost layer of cells of an organ, usually one cell thick.
epigeal	epigæisk	Above ground; of germination, when the cotyledons, which are green and photosynthesizing, are raised above ground.
epigynous	oversædig	Having perianth and stamens inserted above the ovary, i. e., having an inferior ovary.
epiphyte	epifyt	A plant growing on another plant, but not parasitizing it.
epizoochorous	med epizooisk spredning	Of a taxon whose seeds are dispersed on the outside of animals.
erect	opret	Upright, directed strictly upwards.
erectopatent	skråt opadrettet	Directed obliquely upwards.
erose		Gnawed or bitten; of a margin, finely and irregularly eroded.
evergreen	stedsegrøn	Bearing leaves throughout the year.
exine	exine, eksine	The outer, very resistant layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain; it is often ornamented.
exocarp		The outermost layer of the fruit wall.
exserted	udragende	Protruding, e.g. of stamens protruding from a corolla tube.
exstipulate	uden fodflige	Without stipules.
extrafloral	ekstrafloral	Of nectaries, which are situated outside the flowers, e.g. on the leaves or stipules.
extrorse	extrors, ekstrors	Of anthers, opening away from the centre of the flower.
facial		At or concerning the face, the exposed or flat side.
facultative	fakultativ	Having the ability to utilize certain conditions but not being dependent upon them, or, being able to adopt an alternative strategy or alternative properties, e.g. sexual and apogamic reproduction.
falcate	seglformet	Sickle-shaped.
farinose	melet	Mealy.
fascicle	bundt, knippe	A close cluster or a bundle of similar organs (usually leaves or flowers) arising from more or less the same point.
fasciculate	i bundter, knipper	Clustered, or appearing in bundles.
fastigiate	fastigiat, søjleformet	With erect, parallel and clustered branches, giving the plant a narrow outline.
fertile	fertil	Producing seed or spores capable of germination; of anthers, containing viable pollen.
fertilization	befrugtning	The union of male and female gametes.
fibrous	fibrøs	Composed of or consisting of loosely arranged woody fibres.
fibrous roots	trævlerod	A root system in which there is no main axis, as in the monocotyledons.
filament	støvtråd	A thread; the stalk of a stamen, bearing the anther.
filiform	trådformet	Threadlike, slender and elongated.
fimbriate	frynset	Fringed.
fissured	furet	With a coarse, uneven surface, applied to the bark of a stem or trunk.
fistulose	rørformet, pibet	Cylindrical and hollow; tube-like.
flaccid	slap	Limp, unable to support its own weight.
fleshy	kødet
flexible	bøjelig	Pliable.
flexuous	bølget	Of a stem or hair, wavy.
floccose	tottet	Covered with soft hairs which tend to adhere in small tufts.
floriferous	blomsterbærende, blomstrende	Bearing flowers.
flower	blomst	The reproductive unit in angiosperms, typically consisting of gynoecium, androecium and perianth.
foliaceous	bladlignende	Leaf-like, having the shape or texture of a leaf.
follicle	bælgkapsel	A dry, usually many-seeded fruit developed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of fusion (Ranunculaceae).
foveate	grubet	Pitted.
foveolate	smågrubet	Minutely pitted, with small depressions.
free	fri	When applied to floral organs: not fused.
free-central	fri midtstillet	Of a placenta, with the ovules borne on a free-standing central placenta within the ovary.
frond		A large, divided leaf.
fruit	frugt	Strictly, the ripe, fertilized ovary and its seeds, but usually also comprising false fruits, which are formed also from other floral parts, e.g. bracts or receptacle.
fruticose	busklignende	Shrub-like (woody).
funicle	frøstreng	The stalk of an ovule.
fusiform	tenformet	Spindle-shaped, a body thickest at the middle and tapering towards the ends.
gamete	gamet	A spezialized reproductive cell (usually haploid) which in sexual reproduction fuses with another of the opposite sex, to give the zygote which develops to the embryo.
gametophyte	gametofyt	The haploid plant generation that bears the sexual organs; in pteridophytes an independently living organism (the prothallium), in spermatophytes the pollen grains (male) and the embryo-sac (female).
geitonogamy		Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a different flower on the same plant.
gemma	ynglelegeme(-knop)	Synonymous with bulbil.
gemmiferous	med ynglelegeme(-knop)	With gemmae (bulbils).
geniculate	knæbøjet	Abruptly bent like a knee.
genome	genom	A complete chromosome set; a diploid has two genomes.
genotype	genotype	The total set of genes in an individual.
genus	slægt	A group of species which are fairly closely related; genera which are relatively closely related form a family.
geophyte	geofyt, jordplante	A plant with subterranean winter buds (i.e. surviving the unfavourable season by rhizomes, bulbs, corms or tubers), usually flowering in early spring.
gibbous		With a rounded pouch-like swelling on one side, as in the calyx of Satureja acinos.
glabrous	glat	Without hairs.
gland	kirtel	A multicellular secretory structure, usually round, on or within the surface of an organ. When raised on a stalk usually called a glandular hair.
glandular	med kirtler, kirtlet	Bearing glands; functioning as a gland.
glandular hair	kirtelhår	A trichome having a head composed of secretory cells borne on a stalk.
globose	kugleformet	Spherical.
glomerule		A small compact cluster, e.g. of flowers.
glumaceous	avneagtig	Glume-like.
glume	yderavner	One of the paired bracts at the base of a grass spikelet.
granulose	kornet	With a sand-like surface structure.
group	gruppe	Any recognizable non-formal assemblage of taxa, usually understood in a wider sense than aggregate or complex.
gymnosperm	nøgenfrøet	A seed-bearing plant with ovules, and hence seeds, developing on the surface of a leaf.
gynobasic	gynobasisk	A style which, because of the infolding of the ovary wall, appears to be inserted at the base of the ovary, as in the Lamiaceae.
gynodioecious	gynodiøsisk	Having female and bisexual flowers, but on separate plants.
gynoecium	gynøcium	The female parts of a flower; the carpels.
gynomonoecious	gynomonøsisk	Having bisexual and female flowers on the same plant.
gynophore	gynofor	A stalk bearing the gynoecium above the level of insertion of the other floral parts, as in Silene.
gynostegium		A structure formed from the fusion of the anthers with the stigmatic region of the gynoecium, as in the Asclepiadaceae.
gynostemium	søjle	In Orchidaceae, synonymous with column.
habit	habitus	The general appearance of a plant.
habitat	habitat	The environment in which a plant lives.
halophyte	halofyt, saltplante	A plant adapted to living in saline habitats.
hamate		Barbed or hooked at the apex.
hapaxanthous	hapaksant	A plant bearing fruit but once and then dying; either annual, biennial or requiring several or many years to reach the flowering and fruiting state.
haploid	haploid	Having a single set of chromosomes.
hastate	spydformet	Of the base of a flat organ, spear-shaped; of a leaf blade, narrow with two basal lobes directed outwards.
head	hoved	A racemose inflorescence with unstalked flowers aggregated in a dense cluster.
helicoid	skrue-	Coiled.
helicoid cyme	skruekvast	A monochasium where the branching takes place repeatedly to the same side.
helophyte	helofyt	A water or swamp plant protruding above the water surface, but with submerged winter buds.
hemi-	halv-	Half-.
hemicryptophyte	hemikryptofyt, jordskorpeplante	A plant with winter buds close to the ground-level.
herb	urt	A plant dying down to ground-level each year.
herbaceous	urteagtig	Not woody; soft and green, having the texture of a herb.
herkogamy	herkogami	Separation in space between anthers and stigmas within the flower.
hermaphroditic	hermafroditisk, tvekønnet	Bisexual.
hetero-	forskellig-, uens-	Different, other, uneven.
heteroblastic	heteroblastisk	Having progressive change in form and size of successive organs (especially leaves), e.g. difference in leaf shape between the juvenile and adult states.
heterophyllous	heterofyli	Having leaves of two or more distinct forms, often differing in shape and function, e.g. broad-leaved floating leaves and capillary submerged leaves, as in Ranunculus aquatilis.
heterosporous	heterospor	Having two kinds of spores (megaspores, female; and microspores, male) as in all spermatophytes and a few pteridophytes.
heterostylous	heterostyl	Of species having heterostyly.
hexaploid	heksaploid	Having 6 basic sets of chromosomes.
hilum	navle	The scar on a seed indicating its point of attachment.
hirsute	håret	With long, coarse, rough hairs.
hispid	stivhåret	With bristles or stiff, bristly hairs.
holotype	holotype	A single specimen or illustration designated by the author of a plant name, at the time of original publication, which fixes the application of the name.
homo-	ens-	like, of the same kind.
homogamous	homogam	With coincidence of anther dehiscence and stigma receptivity within a flower; also applied to a plant with only one kind of flowers in the cluster.
homologous	homolog	Having the same phylogenetic origin but not necessarily the same structure or function.
homosporous	homospor	Having spores all of one kind, as most pteridophytes.
homostylous	homostyl	Not heterostylous.
hooded	hætteformet	With a hollow, arched covering, as the upper petal in Aconitum.
hyaline	hindeaktig	Colourless and transparent.
hydrochorous	vandspredt	Dispersed by water.
hydrophilous	vandbestøvet	Pollinated in water.
hydrophyte	hydrofyt	A submerged or floating aquatic plant with winter buds at the bottom.
hypanthium	underbæger	A tubular or cup-shaped extension of the receptacle, bearing floral parts above the base (and often above the top) of the ovary of a flower, in perigynous and epigynous flowers.
hypo-	under-	Below, under, beneath.
hypodermal		relating to the hypodermis.
hypodermis	hypodermis	A morphologically distinct layer of cells immediately beneath the epidermis, often containing large amounts of sclerenchymatous cells strengthening the tissue.
hypogeal	hypogæisk	Subterranean; of germination, when the cotyledons, which are thick and contain reserve materials, remain within the seed coat below the ground, e.g. Vicia, Quercus.
hypogynous	undersædig, hypogyn	Having perianth and stamens inserted at the base of the ovary, i. e., ovary superior.
imbricate	taglagt	Overlapping like tiles on a roof.
imparipinnate	uligefinnet	Pinnate with an unpaired terminal leaflet.
inbreeding	indavl	The production of offspring by self-fertilization or from fertilization among genetically closely related parents.
incised	indskåret	Cut sharply, deeply and often irregularly.
inclining	indadbøjet	Bending downwards.
incrassate	fortykket, opsvulmet	Thickened or swollen.
indehiscent	uopspringende	Without opening mechanism to release seeds or spores.
indumentum	behåring	The covering of hairs (or other epidermal appendages, e.g. scales) of a plant.
induplicate	indfoldet	Of petals and sepals, folded inwards and with the outsides touching the neighbours.
indusium	slør	A thin scale covering a group of sporangia in many ferns.
inferior	undersædig	Of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of the other floral parts.
inflated	opblæst	Swollen or expanded; bladdery.
inflexed	skarpt indadbøjet	Bent sharply inwards.
inflorescence	blomsterstand	A group of flowers with their branches, bracts and bracteoles.
infraspecific	infraspecifik	Of lower taxonomic rank than species.
infructescence	frugtstand	A group of fruits in a plant, usually derived from an inflorescence.
inserted	tilhæftet	Attached to or arising from, e.g. stamens inserted on corolla.
integument	frøhinde	One or two outer protective layers of an ovule, developing into the seed-coat.
internode	internodie, stængelled	The portion of a stem between two successive leaves or leaf pairs, or between flowers of an inflorescence.
interrupted	mellembrudt	Of an inflorescence, with the flowers unevenly distributed along the axis, with large gaps.
interruptedly pinnate	mellembrudt fjersnitdelt	With alternating large and small leaflets.
intine		The inner layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain.
introgression	tilbagekrydsning, introgression	The incorporation of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species by hybridization followed by backcrossing.
introrse	intrors, indad	Of anthers, opening towards the centre of the flower.
involucre	svøb	A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster; the calyx-like structure at the base of a capitulum, as in the Asteraceae.
involute	indrullet	Rolled inwards; of a leaf, with the margins rolled towards the adaxial (upper) surface.
irregular	uregelmæssig	Having no plane of symmetry. Synonymous with asymmetric.
isoëtid		A submerged plant, rooted at the bottom, with leaves in a rosette.
isomerous		Having an equal number of parts in whorls of different kinds, as in a flower with an equal number of members of each floral whorl.
isotype	isotype	A specimen which is a duplicate of the holotype, i.e. part of the same collection.
juvenile	juvenil, ungdomsform	Applied to youth forms, e.g. leaves formed on a young or coppiced plant which are different in shape from the adult leaves.
karyotype	karyotype	The characteristics of all the the chromosomes within the nucleus, especially their size, shape and number.
keel	køl	A prominent longitudinal ridge, like the keel of a boat; in Fabaceae, a boat-shaped structure, formed byf the two anterior (lower) united petals of a flower.
keeled	kølet	Ridged, like the keel of a boat.
labellum	læbe	A lip; a morphologically distinct median petal of an orchid flower.
labiate	med læbe	Lipped; a tubular corolla which in its upper end is expanded into one or (usually) two lips.
lacerate	uregelmæssigt indskåret	Deeply and irregularly cut, appearing as if torn.
lacinia	flig	A segment of a laciniately divided organ.
laciniate	fliget	Slashed into narrow, pointed lobes.
lamina	plade	The blade of a leaf or petal.
lanate	uldhåret	Woolly, covered with long, curled and densely matted hairs.
lanceolate	lancetformet	Lance-shaped; narrow and tapering at both ends, c. 3 times as long as wide, widest below the middle.
lateral roots	siderødder	Roots arising from the main root.
latex	mælkesaft	Milky fluid, usually whitish.
lax	åben, løs	Loose arrangement; opposite to dense.
leaf	blad	An expanded, usually photosynthetic organ of a plant.
leaflet	småblad	Each unit of a compound leaf.
lectotype	lectotype	A specimen selected from among those cited with the original description, to serve in place of a holotype which is missing or has been destroyed, or where no holotype was designated.
legume	bælg	A fruit type in Fabaceae; a synonyme to pod.
lemma	nedre inderavne, dækblad	In a grass floret, the lower of the two bracts enclosing the flower.
lemnid		An aquatic plant which is floating on the surface of the water and not rooted at the bottom; as Lemna.
lenticular	linseformet	Lens-shaped, biconvex and +- circular in outline.
liana	slyngplante (lian)	A climbing, woody plant.
ligulate	tunge-	With a ligule; strap-shaped. In Asteraceae, applied to a head with ligulate flowers only.
ligule	ligula, skedehinde	A strap-shaped structure; the flattened part of the ray corolla in the Asteraceae; a membrane or a fringe of hairs between the sheath and the blade of a leaf, especially in grasses; a small adaxial membranous appendage near the leaf-base in some pteridophytes.
limb	plade, krave	The expanded part of a petal or tepal; the expanded part of a sympetalous corolla, as distinct from the tube.
linear	lineær, linieformet	Long and narrow with +- parallel sides; in the strict sense with a length/width ratio of about 12:1.
lingulate	tungeformet	Tongue-shaped.
lip	læbe	One of the two segments of a two-lipped corolla or calyx; one of the tepals of an orchid flower.
lobe	flig, lap	A division of an organ, as of a leaf.
lobed	fliget, lappet	Partly divided into a few, broad, and mostly determinate number of segments, e.g. two-lobed, three-lobed etc.
loculicidal	rumdelende	Applied to a capsule opening along the midrib of each carpel.
loculus	rum
locus	locus, sted
lomentum	ledbælg	A pod, which at maturity breaks transversally into one-seeded segments.
longistylous	langgriflet	Long-styled; of plants or flowers having long styles and short stamens, used in heterostylous taxa.
long-shoot	langskud	A shoot with long internodes and of potentionally unlimited growth, especially in trees and shrubs.
lyrate	lyreformet	Deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes.
lyrato-	lyre-	As prefix to terms describing leaf shapes means the occurrence of a large terminal lobe.
macro-	stor	Large.
magenta	rødviolet	A dark purplish-red colour.
marcescent		Withering without falling off, as the sepals and petals in some flowers or the leaves at the base of some plants.
marginal	kantstillet	At or very close to a margin; of a placenta, having the ovules attached on the fused margins of the carpel, i.e. along the suture.
massula		An aggregation of pollen or spores.
mauve	lilla	A pale purple colour.
medifixed	medifiks	Attached at or by the middle; of anthers, when the filament is attached near the middle.
mega-	stor	Large.
megaspore	megaspore	In a heterosporous plant, the female spores that give rise to female gametophytes.
meiosis	meiose	A special form of cell division (in sporangia, pollen-sacs or ovules) in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes.
membranous	hindeagtig	Like a membrane in consistency; thin, soft, flexible, and more or less translucent.
mericarp	delfrugt	A one-seeded portion of a many-seeded fruit that breaks at maturity into units (e.g., Geraniaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae).
-merous	-tallig	The number of parts per whorl that characterizes a particular flower, e.g., 5-merous, pentamerous, having five parts.
meso-	midt-	Middle.
mesocarp	mesokarp	The middle layer in a fruit wall, often fleshy, sometimes missing.
mesostylous		In species with trimorphic heterostyly: plants or flowers having long and short stamens, and styles intermediate in length.
micro-	lille	Small.
microspore	mikrospore	In a heterosporous plant, the male spores that give rise to male gametophytes.
midrib	midtribbe, midtnerve	The central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
mitosis	mitose	A division in which a nucleus gives rise to two daughter nuclei, each identical to the parent nucleus; this procedure is necessary for growth and development.
monadelphous	énknippet	Of stamens, with the filaments united into one bundle.
mono-	en-	One-.
monochasium	enarmet kvast	A cyme with one branch from each node.
monocotyledon	enkimbladet	A flowering plant whose seedlings have only one cotyledon.
monoecious	enbo, sambo	Having male and female flowers on the same plant.
monolete		Applied to a spore with a simple scar marking the point of attachment in the tetrad.
monophyletic	monofyletisk	A group where the members are all descendants of a common ancestor.
monopodial	enakset, monopodial	With a persistent terminal growing point.
monothecal	enrummet	With a single cavity or cell; of anthers, with one theca (and thus at most two pollen sacs).
monotypic	monotypisk	With only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family containing only one genus.
mucro	brod	A short, distinct, stiff terminal point.
mucronate	brodspidset	Ending abruptly in a short, stiff point.
multinodal	flerleddet	With numerous nodes.
muricate	pigget	Rough to the touch, with short, hard outgrowths of the epidermis.
muticous	but, stakløs	Pointless, awnless, blunt; used to indicate contrast to pointed.
mycorrhiza	mykorrhiza	A close physical association between a fungus and the roots of a plant from which both seem to benefit.
myrmecochorous	myrespredning	Dispersed by ants.
naked	nøgen	Not enclosed; of sporangia, not covered by an indusium; of seeds, exposed on the surface of a sporophyll and not enclosed within an ovary; of flowers, without perianth.
nanophanerophyte	nanofanerofyt	A woody plant with winter buds 25-100 cm above the ground.
navicular	bådformet	Boat-shaped.
nectariferous		Of an organ secreting nectar, or with nectar-secreting organs.
nectary	nektarium, honninggemme	A nectar-secreting organ.
neotype	neotype	A specimen selected to serve in place of a holotype, where none of the original material to which the name was originally applied is known to have been preserved.
nerve	nerve	Synonymous with vein.
nigrescent	efterhånden sort	Ambiguous (has been used both for "becoming black" and "blackish").
nocturnal	nat-	Nightly.
nodding	nikkende	Bending very much, so that the apex is directed downwards.
node	led	The position on the stem where leaves, branches and/or flowers are borne.
nomen conservandum	konserveret navn	A name that has been formally accepted as the correct name contrary to the usual principles of botanical nomenclature.
nomen illegitimum	llegitimt navn, ugyldigt navn	A name which, at the time of its publication, was superfluous because the taxon to which it was applied had already been named, or had already been applied to another plant.
nomen nudum		A name published without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference.
nomen rejiciendum		A name rejected in favour of a nomen conservandum.
nothomorph	nothomorf, hybridform	One of several morphological variants of a particular hybrid.
nothospecies	hybridart	A hybrid between two species, when regarded as a unit and given a binary name.
nothosubspecies	hybridunderart	A hybrid between two subspecies, when regarded as a distinct unit and given a trinary name.
nucellus	nucellus	The inner part of an ovule, within which the embryo-sac develops.
nut	nød	A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit formed from two or more carpels but usually containing a single seed.
nymphaeid	flydebladplante	A plant which has floating leaves and is rooted at the bottom.
ob-	omvendt	The other way up from normal, usually flattened or widened at the distal rather than proximal end.
obconical	omvendt kegleformet	Conical but attached at the narrower end.
obcordate	omvendt hjerteformet	Of a leaf, broad and notched at the tip.
oblate	bredt rundagtigt	Almost circular but wider than long.
obligate	obligat	Being totally dependent upon certain environmental conditions, or being unable to change strategy.
oblique	skæv	With unequal sides, especially of a leaf base, as in Ulmus; slanting.
oblong	aflang	A flat shape with middle part +- parallel-sided, 1.2-3x as long as wide. If less, broadly oblong, if more, narrowly oblong.
obovate	omvendt ægformet	A flat shape similar in shape to ovate but widest at the distal end and 1.2-3x as long as wide. If less, broadly obovate, if more, narrowly obovate.
obtuse	but	Blunt or rounded at apex.
ochrea	kræmmerhus	A sheath, encircling the stem as a cylinder from the node upwards, as in the Polygonaceae.
ochreola		A structure similar to an ochrea, but encircling axes in the inflorescence, as in the Polygonaceae.
opaque	glansløs, mat	Dull, non-translucent.
operculum	låg	A lid, such as the deciduous cap of a circumscissile capsule.
opposite	modsat	Of leaves, borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the stem; of floral parts, on the same radius.
orbicular	cirkelrund	A flat shape, circular in outline.
orifice	åbning	The opening, the mouth.
outbreeding	krydsbefrugtning	The production of offspring from cross fertilization.
outcrossing	krydsbestøvning	Deposition of pollen on the stigma of a different plant.
ovary	frugtknude	The basal part of the gynoecium containing the ovules.
ovate	ægformet	Egg-shaped (applied to flat objects): widest below the middle and 1.2-2 times as long as wide. If wider, broadly ovate, if narrower, narrowly ovate.
ovoid	ægformet	A solid shape with the form of an egg.
ovule	frøanlæg	Organ (inside the ovary in Magnoliopsida, naked in Coniferopsida) that contains the embryo-sac, which in turn contains the egg; developing into the seed after fertilization.
ovuliferous scale	frøskæl	A structure bearing ovules and becoming woody at seed maturity; applied to scales in the cone in gymnosperms.
palate	gane	A projection or raised area on the lower lip of some bilabiate corollas; sometimes, as in Anthirrhinum, it closes the throat completely.
palea	øvre inderavne, forblad	In a grass floret, the upper of the two bracts enclosing a flower.
palmate	håndfliget, håndlappet	Of a simple leaf with three or more distinct lobes whose veins meet at the base.
palmatisect	hånddelt	Palmately divided almost down to the midrib.
panduriform	violinformet	Fiddle-shaped, obovate with a sinus in each side below the middlle.
panicle	top	A compound, much-branched cymose inflorescence.
papery	papirsagtig	Having a papery consistency.
papilla	papil	A short, rounded nipple-like bump or projection of an epidermal cell.
papillose	papilløs	Covered with papillae.
pappus	fnok	Hairs, simple or feathery, or sometimes bristles or scales formed outside the corolla and surrounding the apex of the fruit (Asteraceae).
paraphyletic	parafyletisk	A group of taxa that does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor.
paraphyses	parafyser	Sterile filaments intermingled with sporangia.
parasite	parasit, snylter	An organism living on or in a different organism, and nourishing from it.
parenchyma	parenkym	Unspecialized tissue, often constituting the main part of many organs.
parietal	vægstillet	Attached to the margins of a structure; of a placenta, having the ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary.
paripinnate	ligefinnet	Pinnate without an unpaired terminal leaflet.
partial inflorescence	delblomsterstand	A more or less distinct subunit of an inflorescence.
-partite	delt	Divided, almost to the base, into segments.
patent	udstående	Spreading, projecting more or less at right angles, or expanded.
pectinate	kamformet, kamdelt	Comb-like, with narrow, numerous and close segments arranged like the teeth of a comb.
pedate	foddannet, fod-	Palmately lobed but with the lateral lobes themselves divided into smaller segments, the midribs of which do not directly run to the same point as the rest.
pedicel	blomsterstilk	The stalk of the individual flower.
pedicellate	stilket	Stalked (of flowers).
peduncle	blomsterstandens skaft	The stalk of an inflorescense; in gymnosperms, the stalk which supports the cone.
pedunculate	stilket	Stalked (of inflorescences).
peltate	skjoldformet	Shield-shaped; of a flat, more or less circular organ with a central stalk.
pendent	hængende	Hanging down.
pentamerous		Having five parts.
pentaploid	pentaploid	Having 5 basic sets of chromosomes.
perennial	flerårig	A plant that lives for more than two years.
perfoliate		Of a sessile leaf or bract, having its base completely wrapped around the stem so that the stem appears to pass through the blade.
perianth	bloster	The calyx and corolla together, usually used when the calyx and corolla are not, or little differentiated.
perianth segment	blosterblade	The lobes of a partially fused perianth, especially when sepals and petals cannot be distinguished.
pericarp	frugtvæg	The fruit wall, developed from the ovary wall.
perigynous	omkringsædig	Of a flower with a superior ovary but with the calyx, corolla and stamens inserted above the base of the ovary on an extension of the receptacle which is not fused with the ovary.
periodically serrate	periodisk savtakket	Serrate, with some teeth, at regular intervals, larger and more prominent than the others.
perisperm		Nutritive tissue in a seed similar to endosperm but derived from the nucellus.
perispore		A membrane or extra outer layer surrounding a spore.
perpendicular	vinkelret	Directed straight downwards, or at right angle with some other body.
persistent	vedvarende	Remaining attached, not falling off even though the original function of the organ has ceased, e.g. of petals not falling after flowering.
petal	kronblad	One of the segments of the inner whorl(s) of the perianth, usually conspicuously coloured.
petaloid	kronbladlignende	Petal-like; used for brightly coloured sepals, bracts or leaves.
petiolate	stilket	With a petiole, not sessile.
petiole	bladstilk	The stalk of a leaf.
petiolulate	stilket	With stalked leaflets.
petiolule	småbladstilk	The stalk of a leaflet.
phanerogam	fanerogam, frøplante	A plant reproducing by seeds.
phanerophyte	fanerofyt	A woody plant with winter buds at least 25 cm above the ground.
phenotype	fænotype	The physical characteristics of an organism.
phyllary	kurvsvøb, kurvblade	Sepal-like bracts on the outside of the capitulum in Asteraceae, with a gradual transition between innermost and outermost or arranged in distinct inner and outer whorls.
phylloclade		Synonymous with cladode.
phyllode	fyllodium	A leaf with an expanded, leaf-like petiole but lacking a true blade.
phylogeny	fylogeni	The relationships of a group as reflected by their evolutionary history, i.e. the lines of descent of the group members from their ancestors.
pilose	blødhåret	Hairy, covered with weak, soft hairs.
pinna		The primary division of a compound leaf; a pinna may be further subdivided into pinnules.
pinnate	finnet	Divided into pinnae.
pinnatifid	fjerfliget	Of a leaf cut deeply into lobes, but by far not to the midrib.
pinnatisect	fjersnitdelt	Pinnately dissected to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it.
pinnule		A division, or leaflet of a pinna; a pinnule may be further subdivided into tertiary segments.
pistil	frugtanlæg	The female organ of a flower, formed by a single carpel or a group of fused carpels.
pistillate	hunlig	Female (of flowers).
pistillode		A sterile pistil, often rudimentary.
pith	marv	The spongy, parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.
placenta	frøstol	The part within an ovary, to which the ovules are attached.
placentation	placentation	The arrangement of placentas, and hence of ovules, within an ovary.
plastic	plastisk	Varying in form according to environmental conditions, not according to genetic characteristics.
pleiochasium		A cyme with more than two branches from each node.
pleiotropy		The ability of a gene to influence more than one phenotypic attribute.
plicate	foldet	Folded.
plumose	fjerformet	Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a central axis.
plurilocular	flerrummet	Hollow, with more than two rooms.
pod	bælg	A fruit type in Fabaceae, formed from a single carpel and splitting into two valves.
pollen	pollen	The powdery mass of microspores shed from the anthers of seed plants.
pollinarium		The pollen grains from two adjacent anther-lobes (thecae) united to a coherent mass for dispersal as a unit in pollination (Asclepiadaceae).
pollinium	pollinium, støvkølle	In orchids, a coherent mass of pollen grains from one anther-lobe (theca) transferred as a unit in pollination.
poly-	mange-	Many.
polychronic		Arising parallel at more than one occasion, from parents of the same species.
polygamous	polygam, flerbo	With both bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
polymorphic	mangeformet	With more than two distinct morphological variants.
polyphyletic	polyfyletisk	A group where the members originated, independently, from more than one evolutionary line.
polyploid	polyploid	Having three or more basic chromosome sets, e.g. 3 (triploid), 4 (tetraploid), 5 (pentaploid), 6 (hexaploid), 7 (heptaploid), 8 (octoploid), 9 (nonaploid), 10 (decaploid) etc.
polytopic		Arising parallel in more than one place, from parents of the same species.
porate		Of a pollen grain, with rounded apertures.
post-		After, behind.
posterior	bage(r)ste	At the back; on the side toward the axis, as the upper lip of a bilabiate corolla.
precocious		Flowering or fruiting before the normal season.
premorse		Terminating abruptly in an uneven end, as if bitten off.
prickle	lille torn	A tough, broad-based, sharp-pointed outgrowth from the epidermis, as in Rosa.
pro parte		Partly, in part.
process		An outgrowth or appendage, or something which is going on.
procumbent	nedliggende	Trailing or spreading along the ground.
propagule	diaspore	A structure with the capacity to give rise to a new plant, e.g. a seed, a spore, or a part of the vegetative body capable of independent growth if detached from the parent.
prostrate	nedliggende	Lying flat on the ground.
protandrous	førsthanlig	Of a flower, shedding the pollen before the stigma is receptive.
prothallus	prothallium, forkim	The small, independently living gametophyte generation of ferns and fern allies.
protogynous	førsthunlig	Of a flower, shedding the pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive.
proximal		Near to the organ's point of attachment.
pseudanthium		A compact inflorescence of several small flowers, which simulates a single flower.
pteridophytes	karsporeplanter	Ferns and fern allies, i.e. Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Filicopsida.
puberulent	fint dunhåret	Covered with minute, short, soft, erect hairs.
pubescence		The hair covering.
pubescent	dunhåret	Hairy.
pulvinate	pudeformet	Cushion-shaped.
pulvinus		A swelling at the base of the petiole, often glandular or responsive to touch.
punctate	prikket	Marked with dots, spots or minute glands.
pungent	stikkende	Ending in a hard, piercing point; having a sharp or strong taste or smell.
purple	purpurfarvet	A wide range of colours intermediate between red and blue.
pyriform	pæreformet	Pear-shaped.
quadrangular	firkantet	With four right angles; of a solid body, quadrangular in cross-section.
raceme	klase	An unbranched, elongated inflorescence which has pedicellate flowers maturing from the bottom upwards, no terminal flower and a potentially continuously growing apex.
racemose	klaseagtig	Racemose inflorescences have no terminal flower and a potentially continuously growing apex, with flowers produced laterally from the main axis, the oldest flowers being the most lateral or lowermost ones; i.e. capitulum, catkin, corymb, raceme, spike and umbel.
rachilla		Of a grass spikelet, the axis above the glumes.
rachis	blomsterstandsakse	The main axis - not the stalk - of a compound leaf or an inflorescence.
radiate	udstrålende	Diverging from a common centre; in Asteraceae, applied to a head with a central region of tubular (disc) flowers and an outer region of ligulate (ray) flowers.
radical	grundstillet	Basal.
ramet	ramet	One of several genetically identical individuals, arisen by vegetative propagation.
ray	stråle	Anything that radiates outwards, e.g. a branch of an umbel, stigma-ridges in Papaver and Nuphar.
reclining	bagudrettet	Turned or bent downward.
recurved	tilbagebøjet	Bent backwards.
reduplicate	udfoldet	With margins bent abruptly outwards and externally joined to each other, applied to arrangement of floral parts in the bud.
reflexed	skarpt bagudbøjet	Bent sharply backwards.
reniform	nyreformet	Kidney-shaped.
repand		When the margin is uneven or wavy, with shallow undulations.
resin	harpiks	A dense sticky substance of oxidised hydrocarbons, produced by some plants, i.e. conifers.
resin duct	harpikskanal	Canals in the wood, leaves or needles of certain plants, containing resin.
resinous	harpiks-	Resin-like.
resupinate	resupinat, omvendt	Turned upside down by twisting of the stalk or the ovary; applied to zygomorphic flowers, a common feature in the Orchidaceae.
reticulate	netåret	Forming or covered with a network.
retrorse	bagudrettet	Directed towards the proximal end.
retuse	indtrykt	With a small incision in a round or blunt apex.
revolute	tilbagerullet	Rolled downwards or backwards; of a leaf, with the margins rolled towards the abaxial (lower) surface.
rhizomatous		Bearing rhizomes, or in the form of a rhizome.
rhizome	jordstængel, rodstok	Underground or ground-level, usually horizontally growing stem, often more or less swollen or thickened.
rigid	stiv, stift	Stiff, not flexible.
rootstock	rodstok	An unprecise term applied to thickened, vertical, underground stems or parts.
rosette	roset	A cluster of tightly packed leaves circularly spreading in one plane.
rostellum	næb	A small beak; in orchids, an extension from the upper edge of the stigma.
rufescent	rødmende	Ambiguous (has been used both for "becoming red" and "reddish").
rugose	rynket	With a deeply wrinkled surface.
rugulose	svagt rynket	With minutely wrinkled surface.
ruminate	foldet	Very uneven and looking as if chewed, e.g. o