Morphological terms: English/English

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a-	Without, lacking.
a-, ab-	Away from, see abaxial.
abaxial	Of a lateral organ, the side or surface facing away from the axis, normally the lower surface.
abiotic	Not involving living organisms.
abortive	Imperfectly developed, not grown to its normal size or function, usually of flowers or fruits.
abscission	The normal shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, e.g. an old leaf, a ripe fruit etc.
acaulescent	Stemless, or with no visible stem
accrescent	Enlarging after maturity, as the stem or the calyx of some plants after flowering.
achene	A small, dry, indehiscent, single-seeded fruit, characteristic of Ranunculus; in a strict sense developed from a superior ovary of one carpel and with the seed free from the fruit wall.
acicular	Needle-shaped, narrow, stiff and pointed.	leaf shapes 1
aciculate	Finely scored on the surface, as if scratched by a pin.
acrogynous	In sedges, with female flowers in the top of the spike.
acroscopic	Facing towards the apex or distal end of an organ.
actinomorphic	Of flowers, radially symmetrical, symmetrical about more than one plane passing through the axis of the flower.
aculeate	Prickly.
acuminate	Tapering gradually to a protracted point.	leaf top
acute	Tapering to a pointed apex with more or less straight sides.	leaf top
ad-	To, towards.
adaxial	Of a lateral organ, the side or surface facing towards the axis, normally the upper surface.
adnate	Fused to an organ of a different kind, e.g. applied to a stamen fused to a petal.
adventitious	Arising in abnormal positions; of buds, those produced elsewhere than in the axils of leaves or the end of a branch; of roots, those coming from organs other than the main root system, such as the stem.
adventive	Indeliberately brought in by man or his agents recently.
aerial	Whole plants or parts of plants living above the surface of the ground or water.
aestivation	The spatial arrangement of floral parts in the bud.
agamospecies	A species which usually produces seeds asexually, by agamospermy.
agamospermy	The formation of seeds by pseudo-sexual means. The embryo is formed from entirely maternal tissue, so that the offspring is genetically identical with their female parent.
aggregate	Of separate elements collected into one mass; aggregate fruit, a cluster of fruits formed from the free carpels of one flower but with the ripening of the fruit forming a single unit, as the strawberry or raspberry; of taxa, an assemblage of distinct, though very similar taxa with a phylogenetic relationship
alate	Winged.
allele	One of two or more alternate forms of a gene.
allogamous	With allogamy.
allogamy	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a different flower, either between different flowers of the same plant (geitonogamy, resulting in selfing), or between flowers of different plants (xenogamy, resulting in crossing).
allopatric	Of two or more taxa, occupying different geographical areas.
allopolyploid	A polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.
alternate	Of leaves or other lateral organs, borne singly at different levels on the axis; of floral parts, on a different radius, describing e.g. the position of petals with respect to sepals.	arrangement
alternately pinnate	Of a pinnate leaf, where the leaflets are not opposite.
alveolate	With small pits, looking like a honeycomb.
amphidiploid	An allopolyploid that forms only bivalents at meiosis, thus functionally a diploid.
amplexicaul	Of a leaf base, clasping the stem.
analogous	A structure that functions similarly but has a different phylogenetic origin than another entity.
anastomosing	Forming a network; usually applied to veins.
androdioecious	Having male and bisexual flowers, but on separate plants.
androecium	The male reproductive organs of a flower; all the stamens.
androgynophore	A stalk above the level of the insertion of the perianth, bearing both the androecium and the gynoecium.
androgynous	Having male and female flowers on the same plant. Synonymous with monoecious; not used in this Flora.
andromonoecious	Having male and bisexual flowers on the same plant.
androphore	A stalk supporting a group of stamens.
anemochorous	Dispersed by wind. Not used in this Flora.
anemophilous	Pollinated by wind. Not used in this Flora.
aneuploid	A plant having a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the base chromosome number of the group.
angiosperm	A seed-bearing plant with ovules, and hence seeds, developing within an ovary.
angular	Of stems, having more or less distinct corners in cross-section, e.g. triangular, quadrangular; of leaves, having several salient angles on the margin. Obtuse-angled, when the angles are rounded, acute-angled, when they are sharp.
anisomerous	Having a different number of parts (usually less) in whorls of different kinds, as in a flower with five sepals and petals, but only two stamens.
annual	A plant that completes its life cycle within a year; a winter annual germinates in autumn and flowers the next spring or summer, a summer annual germinates in spring and flowers the same year..
annulus	A ring; in ferns, the elastic ring of cells, forming part of the sporangium wall.
ante-	Before, in front of.
anterior	In the front; on the side away from the axis, as the lower lip of a bilabiate corolla.
anther	The part of the stamen containing the pollen.
anthesis	The period during which the flower is open, from bud-burst until withering of floral parts.
anthocyanin	A large group of water soluble pigments that are red, blue or violet, usually giving plant parts a reddish tinge.
antrorse	Directed towards the distal end.
apetalous	Without petals.
apex	The very tip of an organ.
apical	At the apex; also used in the sense of distal. Of a placenta, having the ovules attached at the top of the ovary.	placentation
apiculate	With an apiculum, ending abruptely in a short, flexible point.	leaf top
apiculum	A short, distinct, flexible terminal point.
apocarpous	A flower with carpels free from one another, as in Ranunculus.
apomictic	A plant that propagates by a non-sexual mode, including seed formation without fertilization (agamospermy) and vegetative reproduction.
apomixis	Any form of reproduction by non-sexual means, including seed formation without fertilization (agamospermy) and vegetative reproduction.
apophysis	A thickened terminal part of the ovuliferous scale on the cone of certain pines; a projection or protuberance.
appendiculate	With small appendages.
appendix	An extension, e.g. a supplement.
appressed	Pressed closely against another organ but not united with it, e.g. hairs on the stem.
arborescent	Tree-like in growth or general appearance, applied to non-woody plants and to shrubs becoming tree-like in size.
archegonium	In non-seed plants, the structures where eggs are produced.
arcuate	Curved like a bow.
areola	The area delimited by one mesh in a web pattern; e.g. a distinct area on the face of a seed, bounded by a fine line, or the space bounded by the finest veins in a leaf-blade.
areolate	Marked out into small, usually angular spaces.
aril	A more or less succulent covering around a seed, inside the pericarp and outside the seed coat, as in Taxus.
arista	An awn or bristle.
aristate	Having an awn or bristle at the tip.	leaf top
articulate	Jointed.
ascending	Growing erect after an oblique beginning, usually curved.
asexual reproduction	The formation of new individuals without the fusion of gametes, the offspring being genetically identical to the parent.
asperous	Rough to the touch with short, hard projections. Synonymous with scabrid and muricate.
asymmetric	Irregular, with no plane of symmetry.
auricle	An ear-shaped appendage at the base of a leaf or a leaflet.
auriculate	With auricles.	attachment
autogamous	With autogamy.
autogamy	Within-flower fertilization; also (from genetical point of view) within-individual fertilization.
autopolyploid	A polyploid species resulting from one species doubling its chromosome number.
awn	A bristle-like appendage, e.g. on the tip or back of the lemma of a grass flower.
axil	The angle between main and lateral axes, e.g. the angle between a bract or leaf and the axis bearing it.
axile	On an axis; of a placenta, on the central axis of the ovary.	placentation
axillary	In the axil.
axis	The main or central stem of a plant or inflorescence.
basal	At or near the base; of a placenta, having the ovules attached at the base of the ovary.	placentation
basifixed	Attached at or by the base; of anthers, when the filament is attached to the base of the anther.
basigynous	In sedges, with female flowers at the base of the spike.
basiscopic	Facing towards the base or proximal end of an organ.
beak	A prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit.
berry	A juicy indehiscent fruit, with the seed(s) embedded in a fleshy tissue, as the tomato.
bi-	Two, twice.
biconvex	Convex on two sides.
bidentate	Ambiguous, use "with two teeth" or "doubly dentate" instead.
biennial	A plant that needs two years to complete its life cycle, not flowering in the first season.
bifid	Two-cleft.	leaf top
bilabiate	Two-lipped.
bilocular	Having two cavities.
bilomentum	A siliqua which at maturity breaks transversally into one-seeded segments.
binary name	The name of the species is a binary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by the specific epithet.
bipartite	Divided nearly to the base into two parts.
bipinnate	Twice pinnate, i.e. the primary divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnate.	leaf shapes 2
bisexual	Bearing both male and female organs together, e.g. in the same flower.
bisymmetric	Of flowers, having two planes of symmetry, as in Brassicaceae.
biternate	Twice ternate, the three pinnae each divided into three pinnules.	leaf shapes 2
blade	The expanded part of a leaf.
bloom	A delicate, waxy, easily removed covering to fruit, leaves, twigs etc.; see also pruinose.
bract	A modified, often scale-like leaf subtending a flower, an inflorescence or a branch; in the Apiaceae applied to the leaves at the base of the rays of a compound umbel; in the Pinaceae applied to the outer scale subtending the ovuliferous scale of a cone.
bracteate	With bracts.
bracteole	A supplementary or secondary bract on the pedicel of a flower; usually paired in dicotyledons, single in monocotyledons.
brevistylous	Short-styled; of plants or flowers having short styles and long stamens, used in heterostylous taxa.
bud	An immature shoot covered with tough scales, or an undeveloped flower usually protected by the calyx.
bud-scales	Scales enclosing a bud before it expands.
bulb	A swollen, usually underground organ made up of a condensed stem and succulent, scale-like leaves or leaf bases.
bulbil	A small, usually axillary bulb or tuber, usually formed in the axil of a leaf or replacing flowers in an inflorescence, and functioning to propagate the plant vegetatively.
bulbiliferous	With bulbils.
caducous	Falling off at an early stage.
caespitose	Growing in tufts, tufted.
callosity	A dot-like or linear structure with incrassate and/or brightly coloured tissue in e.g. leaves or tepals.
callus	In Poaceae, the incrassate lowermost part of the lemma, which is sometimes pointed and/or hairy.
calyptra	A cap- or hood-like covering that protects the root tip.
calyx	Collective term for the sepals of one flower; when the sepals are partly fused the calyx tube is the fused part of the calyx, the calyx lobes the free part of the sepals.
campanulate	Bell-shaped.
canaliculate	With a longitudinal groove or channel.
capillary	Very slender, hair-like; of leaves, finely dissected as in submerged leaves of Ranunculus aquatilis.
capitate	Head-like; of an inflorescence with unstalked flowers aggregated into a dense cluster; of a stigma or a gland, globose like the head of a pin.
capitulum	An inflorescence with a dense cluster of sessile flowers borne on a flattened or vaulted receptacle, e.g. Asteraceae and Dipsacaceae.	inflorescences
capsule	A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from two or more united carpels.
carnose	Synonymous with succulent. Not used in this Flora.
carpel	The ovule-bearing unit having its margins fused together, or fused with those of other carpels to enclose the ovule(s) in an ovary.
cartilaginous	Hard and tough, but slightly pliable.
caryopsis	A dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit in which the seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, characteristic of Poaceae.
catkin	A spike of more or less reduced flowers (often unisexual and without perianth); in the strict sense pendent and flexible.	inflorescences
caudate	Having a long tail-like tip or appendage.	leaf top
caudicle	A thread to which a pollen mass is attached (in the Orchidaceae and Asclepiadaceae).
cauliflorous	Of plants with flowers and fruits borne on old wood.
cauline	Borne on the stem.
ceratophyllid	A plant which is free-floating in the water or lying on the bottom, but not rooted, e.g. Ceratophyllum.
chamaephyte	A plant with winterbuds above ground, but below 25 cm.
chartaceous	Having a papery consistency. Not used in this Flora.
chasmogamous	Of flowers which open, thus giving possibilities for cross-pollination.
chlorotic	Applied to a plant appearing pale green or yellow due to abnormally low chlorophyll content caused by deficiency or disease..
choripetalous	With the petals free from each other.
chorology	The study of the geographical distribution of organisms.
ciliate	With regularly arranged fine, more or less patent hairs along the margin, like the hairs of an eyelash.
circinate	Spirally coiled like the head of a crozier, as developing leaves of ferns; spirally rolled from apex to base, when applied to arrangement of parts in the bud.
circumscissile	Of capsules, opening with a circular split around the top, cutting off a cap or lid.
cirrhose	Tendrilled, ending in a slender appendage that is wavy or spirally rolled up.
cladode	A stem with the form and function of a leaf (same as phylloclade and cladophyll), as in Asparagus and Cytisus.
cladophyll	Not used in this Flora.
clasping	Grasping, embracing.
clathrate	With regular slots or holes, resembling a lattice.
claw	The narrow, stalk-like proximal part of a petal, sepal or bract.
clavate	Club-shaped, slender at base and distally gradually thickened.
cleistogamous	Of flowers which do not open but become self-pollinated in the bud stage.
climber	Growing more or less erect by winding or climbing with roots, hooks or tendrils, using other objects as support.
clonal	Forming stands of genetically identical individuals by vegetative reproduction.
clone	Genetically identical individuals, produced asexually from one parent.
cochlear	Of the arrangement of petals in a bud, a variant of imbricate where one petal, being larger than the others, and hollowed like a helmet, covers all the others.
cochleariform	Concave like a spoon, spoon-like. Not used in this Flora.
cochleate	Coiled like a snail-shell.
colliculate	Of seed coat, covered with small rounded or hillock-like elevations.
colpate	Of a pollen grain, having elongated apertures in the wall.
colporate	Of a pollen grain, having apertures which are elongated at the outer surface of the pollen wall, but roundish at its inner surface.
column	A structure formed by the union of the staminal filaments and the style in the Orchidaceae.
columnar	Column-like.
commissure	A seam, the line along which two organs are fused or adhere, e.g. the interfacing of two carpels in an ovary, and the scarious areas uniting the calyx lobes in some Caryophyllaceae.
complex	An assemblage of closely related taxa which may be difficult to define or are very. Variable
compound	The opposite of simple, composed of two or more units; of a leaf, divided right to the rachis into distinct leaflets; of an inflorescence, when the same pattern of branching is repeated twice or more times e.g. compound umbel.
compressed	Flattened, usually laterally, bringing the sides closer together as the pod of a pea.
cone	A more or less compact structure of sporophylls spirally arranged along a central axis, woody in Pinaceae. Also applied to conelike infructescences in some flowering plants.
cone scale	The ovuliferous scale and its bract fused together in the Cupressaceae.
confluent	The running together of two parts into one, blending.
connate	Fused to another organ or other organs of the same kind, e.g. petals connate.
connective	The part of the anther connecting the pollen-containing thecae.
connivent	Converging or coming into contact, but not actually fused or united.
conoidal	Almost cone-shaped.
contiguous	Touching at the edges with no gap between.
contorted	Spirally twisted; of floral parts in a bud, a form of imbricate arrangement in which each segment with one edge overlapping the adjacent segment.
contracted	Drawn together to become shorter or narrower.
convolute	Rolled up longitudinally.
cordate	Of leaf base, having two equal more or less rounded lobes at base.	leaf base
cordiform	Shaped like a heart, in outline.
coriaceous	Of a leathery texture
corm	A short, solid, swollen, usually underground stem or stem base.
corolla	Collective term for the petals of a flower; when the petals are partly fused, the tube is the fused part of the corolla, the lobes are the free part of the petals.
corona	A ring of tissue arising from the corolla, perianth or filaments of a flower.
coronal scales	Flaps (usually two) at the base of the petal limb in some Caryophyllaceae, e.g. Lychnis, Viscaria.
corymb	A racemose inflorescence in which the lower flowers have longer pedicels than those of the flowers above, producing a flat-topped or slightly vaulted inflorescence.	inflorescences
corymbose	Having flowers in corymbs. The term is sometimes used of a corymb-like inflorescence. Ambiguous term, not used in this Flora.
costa	The midrib or rachis of a pinna.	division of leaves
costule	In ferns, the midrib or rachis of a pinnule.	division of leaves
cotyledon	The primary leaves of an embryo or a seedling, 1 in monocotyledons, usually 2 in dicotyledons, 2- to several in gymnosperms; usually quite different in appearance from subsequent leaves.
crenate	Of the margin of a flat organ, with rounded teeth.	margin
crenulate	Of the margin of a flat organ, with small, rounded teeth.
crested	With an elevated, irregular ridge, resembling the crest of a helmet; chiefly applied to seeds and to appendages of the anthers .
crimson	A deep red colour, only slightly purplish.
crispate	Curly, wavy or crinkled.
cross fertilization	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a genetically different individual.
cross pollination	The transfer of pollen from the anthers of one individual to the stigma of a different individual of the same species.
crown	The part of a tree above the level of the lowest branch.
crozier	A bishop's stick; used of the young coiled leaf in many ferns.
crustaceous	Hard, thin and brittle.
cryptogam	A plant that produces spores, not seeds. Among vascular plants, the ferns and fern allies.
cucullate	Hooded, hood-shaped.
culm	The stem of Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae.
cuneate	Wedge-shaped (with straight, converging sides).	leaf base
cupule	A small cup; in Fagaceae, a cup-shaped, hardened structure enclosing one or a few fruits.
cuspidate	Abruptly tapering into a sharp, rigid point.	leaf top
cylindrical	Like a cylinder, i.e. long and narrow with a circular cross-section
cymbiform	Boat-shaped, synonymous with navicular. Not used in this Flora..
cyme	An inflorescence, or part of an inflorescence, in which each flower terminates a growing axis, and where further flowers are formed on branches arising below it.	inflorescences
cymose	Of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud.	inflorescences
cypsela	A small, dry, indehiscent single-seeded fruit formed from an inferior ovary, characteristic of Asteraceae.
cystolith	An outgrowth from the cell wall, encrusted with calcium carbonate.
decaploid	Having 10 of the basic sets of chromosomes.
deciduous	Not persistent, falling seasonally; of leaves, falling in the autumn.
decumbent	Reclining on the ground but with the tip turning up.
decurrent	Extending downwards; of a lateral organ, having its base prolonged down the main axis, e.g. when a leaf continues along the stem as a flange.
decussate	Of opposite leaves, when the successive pairs are at right angles to each other.	arrangement
deflexed	Bent sharply downwards.
dehiscent	Opening naturally at maturity to release seeds, spores or pollen.
deltoid	Pyramid-shaped.
dendroid	Tree-shaped, resembling a tree in form but not in size, e.g. dendroid hairs.
dentate	Toothed, with the teeth directed outwards.	margin
denticulate	Minutely toothed.
depauperate	Starved or reduced; refers to plants less well developed than in normally grown ones.
depressed	Flattened, somewhat sunken in the centre.
descending	Having a direction gradually downwards.
determinate	Of growth or branching, with a bud or flower terminating the growth of the main axis; of an inflorescence, ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, e.g. cyme, panicle.
diadelphous	Having the stamens united into two groups, or one free, the others united (in Fabaceae).
dichasium	A cyme with two branches from each node.	cymose
dichogamy	Separation in time between pollen presentation from anthers and pollen reception on to stigmas within the flower. A dichogamous species may be protandrous or protogynous.
dichotomous	Branching by forking into two equal branches.
dicotyledon	A flowering plant whose seedling has two cotyledons.
digitate	Of a compound leaf, when the leaflets diverge from the same point like the fingers of a hand.	leaf shapes 2
dilated	Expanded, widened.
dimorphic	With two different forms.
dioecious	Having male and female flowers on separate plants.
diploid	Having two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
disc	Anything disc-shaped, e.g.. the top of the hips in Rosa; a fleshy, usually nectar-secreting ring between whorls of floral parts or borne directly on the ovary; the central part of the capitulum (with tubular flowers) in some Asteraceae (cf. ray flowers).
disc flowers	The central tubular flowers of some Asteraceae, cf. ray flowers.
discoid	Like a disc or plate; in Asteraceae, applied to a head with tubular flowers only.
dissected	Divided into segments.
distal	Far from the point of attachment; the distalmost part of a leaf is the tip.
distichous	Two-ranked; regularly arranged one above the other in two opposite rows, one on each side of the stem.	arrangement
dithecal	Of anthers, with two thecae (and thus four pollen sacs).
diurnal	Of flowers, opening only during daylight.
divaricate	Widely spreading, dividing into widely divergent branches.
divergent	Of two or more like structures, spreading so that the apices are further apart then their bases.
dormancy	A resting phase with reduced metabolism found in buds, seeds and spores.
dorsifixed	Attached at or by the back; of anthers, when the filament is attached to the abaxial side of the anther.
dorsiventral	Having structurally different upper and lower surfaces.
doubly dentate	Dentate with small teeth on the large ones.
doubly serrate	Toothed with small teeth on the large ones.	Margin
drooping	Slightly hanging, so that the apex is directed towards the the horizon.
drupaceous	Drupe-like but not strictly a drupe; ambiguous term, not used in this Flora.
drupe	A juicy, indehiscent fruit with one or a few seeds, each surrounded by a stony layer formed from the fruit wall, e.g. Prunus.
duplicato-dentate	Doubly dentate, i.e. with toothed teeth; not used in this Flora.
dwarf-shrub	Small shrub, a small and woody perennial plant, up to 100 cm tall, with many stems or branching at the base.
e-	From, out of.
e-, ex-	Without, lacking.
ebracteate	Without bracts.
	Spinose, bearing numerous spines, prickles or stiff hairs.
ecotype	A genetically fixed variant of a taxon particularly adapted to some environmental condition.
ectotrophic mycorrhiza	Mycorrhiza, with the fungus forming a layer outside the root.
eglandular	Without glands.
elaiosome	An oil-rich appendage or distinct swelling of a seed or fruit, serving as food for ants and hence an aid to dispersal by these.
elater	In Equisetum, hygroscopic bands attached to the spore and serving for dispersal (there are usually four elaters on each spore).
electrophoresis	Technique for separating molecules of different sizes and charges (especially isozymes).
ellipsoid	A solid shape elliptic in side view.
elliptic	A flat shape widest at the middle and 1.2-3 times as long as wide. If broader, broadly elliptic, if narrower, narrowly elliptic.	leaf shapes 1
elodeid	Long-shoot plants, which is free-floting in the water or laying on the bottom, but not rooted, e.g. Elodea.
elongated	Prolonged, extended, notably long.
emarginate	With a broad, shallow notch in a truncate apex.	leaf top
embryo	A young plant contained within the seed.
enclosed	Not protruding.
endocarp	The innermost layer of the fruit wall; in a drupe the stony layer surrounding the seed.
endosperm	The nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of a seed.
endotrophic mycorrhiza	Mycorrhiza, with the fungus living within the roots.
endozoochorous	Of a taxon whose seeds are dispersed within animals, i.e. eaten.
ensiform	Sword-shaped.
entire	Having a smooth margin, not toothed or dissected.	margin
entomophilous	Insect-pollinated.
epi-	upon, on top of or added to.
epicalyx	A whorl of bracts just below a flower, calyx-like but outside and additional to the calyx.
epidermal	Associated with the epidermis.
epidermis	The outermost layer of cells of an organ, usually one cell thick.
epigeal	Above ground; of germination, when the cotyledons, which are green and photosynthesizing, are raised above ground.
epigynous	Having perianth and stamens inserted above the ovary, i. e., having an inferior ovary.
epiphyte	A plant growing on another plant, but not parasitizing it.
epizoochorous	Of a taxon whose seeds are dispersed on the outside of animals.
erect	Upright, directed strictly upwards.
erectopatent	Directed obliquely upwards.
erose	Gnawed or bitten; of a margin, finely and irregularly eroded .
evergreen	Bearing leaves throughout the year.
exine	The outer, very resistant layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain; it is often ornamented.
exocarp	The outermost layer of the fruit wall.
exserted	Protruding, e.g. of stamens protruding from a corolla tube.
exstipulate	Without stipules.
extrafloral	Of nectaries, which are situated outside the flowers, e.g. on the leaves or stipules.
extrorse	Of anthers, opening away from the centre of the flower.
facial	At or concerning the face, the exposed or flat side.
facultative	Having the ability to utilize certain conditions but not being dependent upon them, or, being able to adopt an alternative strategy or alternative properties, e.g. sexual and apogamic reproduction.
falcate	Sickle-shaped.	leaf shapes 1
farinose	Mealy.
fascicle	A close cluster or a bundle of similar organs (usually leaves or flowers) arising from more or less the same point.
fasciculate	Clustered, or appearing in bundles.
fastigiate	With erect, parallel and clustered branches, giving the plant a narrow outline.
fertile	Producing seed or spores capable of germination; of anthers, containing viable pollen.
fertilization	The union of male and female gametes.
fibrous	Composed of or consisting of loosely arranged woody fibres.
fibrous roots	A root system in which there is no main axis, as in the monocotyledons.
filament	A thread; the stalk of a stamen, bearing the anther.
filiform	Threadlike, slender and elongated.	leaf shapes 1
fimbriate	Fringed.
fissured	With a coarse, uneven surface, applied to the bark of a stem or trunk.
fistulose	Cylindrical and hollow; tube-like.
flaccid	Limp, unable to support its own weight.
flexible	Pliable.
flexuous	Of a stem or hair, wavy.
floccose	Covered with soft hairs which tend to adhere in small tufts.
floriferous	Bearing flowers.
flower	The reproductive unit in angiosperms, typically consisting of gynoecium, androecium and perianth.
foliaceous	Leaf-like, having the shape or texture of a leaf.
follicle	A dry, usually many-seeded fruit developed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of fusion. In many Ranunculaceae.
foveate	Pitted.
foveolate	Minutely pitted, with small depressions.
free	When applied to floral organs: not fused.
free-central	Of a placenta, with the ovules borne on a free-standing central placenta within the ovary.	placentation
frond	A large, divided leaf. Not used in the Flora.
fruit	Strictly, the ripe, fertilized ovary and its seeds, but usually also comprising false fruits, which are formed also from other floral parts, e.g. bracts or receptacle.
fruticose	Shrub-like (woody).
funicle	The stalk of an ovule.
fusiform	Spindle-shaped, a body thickest at the middle and tapering towards the ends.
gamete	A spezialized reproductive cell (usually haploid) which in sexual reproduction fuses with another of the opposite sex, to give the zygote which develops to the embryo.
gametophyte	The haploid plant generation that bears the sexual organs; in pteridophytes an independently living organism (the prothallium), in spermatophytes the pollen grains (male) and the embryo-sac (female).
gamo-	Union of like parts.
geitonogamy	Fertilization of ovules by pollen from a different flower on the same plant.
gemma	Synonymous with bulbil. Not used in this Flora.
gemmiferous	With bulbils. Not used in this Flora.
geniculate	Abruptly bent like a knee.
genome	A complete chromosome set; a diploid has two genomes.
genotype	The total set of genes in an individual.
genus	A group of species which are fairly closely related; genera which are relatively closely related form a family.
geophyte	A plant with subterranean winter buds (i.e. surviving the unfavourable season by rhizomes, bulbs, corms or tubers), usually flowering in early spring.
gibbous	With a rounded pouch-like swelling on one side, as in the calyx of Satureja acinos.
glabrous	Without hairs.
gland	A multicellular secretory structure, usually round, on or within the surface of an organ. When raised on a stalk usually called a glandular hair.
glandular	Bearing glands; functioning as a gland.
glandular hair	A trichome having a head composed of secretory cells borne on a stalk.
globose	Spherical.
glomerule	A small compact cluster, e.g. of flowers.
glumaceous	Glume-like. Not used in this Flora.
glume	One of the paired bracts at the base of a grass spikelet.
granulose	With a sand-like surface structure.
group	Any recognizable non-formal assemblage of taxa, usually understood in a wider sense than aggregate or complex.
gymnosperm	A seed-bearing plant with ovules, and hence seeds, developing on the surface of a leaf.
gynobasic	A style which, because of the infolding of the ovary wall, appears to be inserted at the base of the ovary, as in Lamiaceae.
gynodioecious	Having female and bisexual flowers, but on separate plants.
gynoecium	The female parts of a flower; the carpels.
gynomonoecious	Having bisexual and female flowers on the same plant.
gynophore	A stalk bearing the gynoecium above the level of insertion of the other floral parts, as in Silene.
gynostegium	A structure formed from the fusion of the anthers with the stigmatic region of the gynoecium, as in the Asclepiadaceae.
gynostemium	In Orchidaceae, synonymous with column. Not used in this Flora.
habit	The general appearance of a plant.
habitat	The environment in which a plant lives.
halophyte	A plant adapted to living in saline habitats.
hamate	Barbed or hooked at the apex.
hapaxanthous	A plant bearing fruit but once and then dying; either annual, biennial or requiring several or many years to reach the flowering and fruiting state.
haploid	Having a single set of chromosomes.
hastate	Of the base of a flat organ, spear-shaped; of a leaf blade, narrow with two basal lobes directed outwards.	leaf base
head	A racemose inflorescence with unstalked flowers aggregated in a dense cluster.	inflorescences
helicoid	Coiled.
helicoid cyme	A monochasium where the branching takes place repeatedly to the same side.	inflorescences
helophyte	A water or swamp plant protruding above the water surface, but with submerged winter buds.
hemi-	Half-.
hemicryptophyte	A plant with winter buds close to the ground-level.
herb	A plant dying down to ground-level each year.
herbaceous	Not woody; soft and green, having the texture of a herb.
herkogamy	Separation in space between anthers and stigmas within the flower.
hermaphroditic	Bisexual. Not used in this Flora.
hetero-	Different, other, uneven.
heteroblastic	Having progressive change in form and size of successive organs (especially leaves), e.g. difference in leaf shape between the juvenile and adult states.
heterophyllous	Having leaves of two or more distinct forms, often differing in shape and function, e.g. broad-leaved floating leaves and capillary submerged leaves, as in Ranunculus aquatilis.
heterosporous	Having two kinds of spores (megaspores, female; and microspores, male) as in all spermatophytes and a few pteridophytes.
hexaploid	Having 6 basic sets of chromosomes.
hilum	The scar on a seed indicating its point of attachment.
hirsute	With long, coarse, rough hairs.
hispid	With bristles or stiff, bristly hairs.
holotype	A single specimen or illustration designated by the author of a plant name, at the time of original publication, which fixes the application of the name.
homo-	like, of the same kind
homogamous	With coincidence of anther dehiscence and stigma receptivity within a flower; also applied to a plant with only one kind of flowers in the cluster.
homologous	Having the same phylogenetic origin but not necessarily the same structure or function.
homosporous	Having spores all of one kind only, as most pteridophytes.
homostylous	Not heterostylous.
hooded	With a hollow, arched covering, as the upper petal in Aconitum.
hyaline	Colourless and transparent.
hydrochorous	Dispersed by water.
hydrophilous	Pollinated in water.
hydrophyte	A submerged or floating aquatic plant with winter buds at the bottom.
hypanthium	A tubular or cup-shaped extension of the receptacle, bearing floral parts above the base (and often above the top) of the ovary of a flower, in perigynous and epigynous flowers.
hypo-	Below, under, beneath
hypodermal	relating to the hypodermis.
hypodermis	A morphologically distinct layer of cells immediately beneath the epidermis, often containing large amounts of sclerenchymatous cells strengthening the tissue.
hypogeal	Subterranean; of germination, when the cotyledons, which are thick and contain reserve materials, remain within the seed coat below the ground, e.g. Vicia, Quercus.
hypogynous	Having perianth and stamens inserted at the base of the ovary, i. e., ovary superior.
imbricate	Overlapping like tiles on a roof.
imparipinnate	Pinnate with an unpaired terminal leaflet.	leaf shapes 2
inbreeding	The production of offspring by self-fertilization or from fertilization among genetically closely related parents.
incised	Cut sharply, deeply and often irregularly.	leaf shapes 2
inclining	Bending downwards.
incrassate	Thickened or swollen.
indehiscent	Without opening mechanism to release seeds or spores.
indumentum	The covering of hairs (or other epidermal appendages, e.g. scales) of a plant.
induplicate	Of petals and sepals, folded inwards and with the outsides touching the neighbours.
indusium	A thin scale covering a group of sporangia in many ferns.
inferior	Of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of the other floral parts.
inflated	Swollen or expanded; bladdery.
inflexed	Bent sharply inwards.
inflorescence	A group of flowers with their branches, bracts and bracteoles.	inflorescences
infraspecific	Of lower taxonomic rank than species.
infructescence	A group of fruits in a plant, usually derived from an inflorescence.
inserted	Attached to or arising from, e.g. stamens inserted on corolla.
integument	One or two outer protective layers of an ovule, developing into the seed-coat.
internode	The portion of a stem between two successive leaves or leaf pairs, or between flowers of an inflorescence..
interrupted	Of an inflorescence, with the flowers unevenly distributed along the axis, with large gaps.
interruptedly pinnate	With alternating large and small leaflets.
intine	The inner layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain.
introgression	The incorporation of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species by hybridization followed by backcrossing.
introrse	Of anthers, opening towards the centre of the flower.
involucre	A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster; the calyx-like structure at the base of a capitulum, as in the Asteraceae.
involute	Rolled inwards; of a leaf, with the margins rolled towards the adaxial (upper) surface.	margin
irregular	Having no plane of symmetry. Synonymous with asymmetric.
isoëtid	A submerged plant, rooted at the bottom, with leaves in a rosette.
isomerous	Having an equal number of parts in whorls of different kinds, as in a flower with an equal number of members of each floral whorl.
isotype	A specimen which is a duplicate of the holotype, i.e. part of the same collection.
juvenile	Applied to youth forms, e.g. leaves formed on a young or coppiced plant which are different in shape from the adult leaves.
karyotype	The characteristics of all the the chromosomes within the nucleus, especially their size, shape and number.
keel	A prominent longitudinal ridge, like the keel of a boat; in Fabaceae, a boat-shaped structure, formed byf the two anterior (lower) united petals of a flower.
keeled	Ridged, like the keel of a boat.
labellum	A lip; a morphologically distinct median petal of an orchid flower.
labiate	Lipped; a tubular corolla which in its upper end is expanded into one or (usually) two lips.
lacerate	Deeply and irregularly cut, appearing as if torn.	leaf shapes 2
lacinia	A segment of a laciniately divided organ.
laciniate	Slashed into narrow, pointed lobes.	leaf shapes 2
lamina	The blade of a leaf or petal. Not used in this Flora.
lanate	Woolly, covered with long, curled and densely matted hairs
lanceolate	Lance-shaped; narrow and tapering at both ends, c. 3 times as long as wide, widest below the middle.	leaf shapes 1
lateral roots	Roots arising from the main root.
latex	Milky fluid, usually whitish.
lax	Loose arrangement; opposite to dense.
leaf	An expanded, usually photosynthetic organ of a plant.
leaflet	Each unit of a compound leaf.
lectotype	A specimen selected from among those cited with the original description to serve in place of a holotype where the holotype is missing or destroyed, or where no holotype was designated.
legume	A fruit type in Fabaceae; a synonyme to pod, not used in this Flora.
lemma	In a grass floret, the lower of the two bracts enclosing the flower.
lemnid	An aquatic plant which is floating on the surface of the water and not rooted at the bottom; as Lemna.
lenticular	Lens-shaped, biconvex and +- circular in outline.
liana	A climbing, woody plant.
ligulate	With a ligule; strap-shaped. In Asteraceae, applied to a head with ligulate flowers only.
ligule	A strap-shaped structure; the flattened part of the ray corolla in the Asteraceae; a membrane or a fringe of hairs between the sheath and the blade of a leaf, especially in grasses; a small adaxial membranous appendage near the leaf-base in some pteridophytes.	attachment
limb	The expanded part of a petal or tepal; the expanded part of a sympetalous corolla, as distinct from the tube.
linear	Long and narrow with +- parallel sides; in the strict sense with a length/width ratio of about 12:1.	leaf shapes 1
lingulate	Tongue-shaped.
lip	One of the two segments of a two-lipped corolla or calyx; one of the tepals of an orchid flower.
lobe	A division of an organ, as of a leaf.
lobed	Partly divided into a few, broad, and mostly determinate number of segments, e.g. two-lobed, three-lobed etc.
loculicidal	Applied to a capsule opening along the midrib of each carpel.
lomentum	A pod, which at maturity breaks transversally into one-seeded segments.
longistylous	Long-styled; of plants or flowers having long styles and short stamens, used in heterostylous taxa.
long-shoot	A shoot with long internodes and of potentionally unlimited growth, especially in trees and shrubs.
lyrate	Deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes.	leaf shapes 2
lyrato-	As prefix to terms describing leaf shapes means the occurrence of a large terminal lobe.
macro-	Large.
magenta	A dark purplish-red colour.
marcescent	Withering without falling off, as the sepals and petals in some flowers or the leaves at the base of some plants.
marginal	At or very close to a margin; of a placenta, having the ovules attached on the fused margins of the carpel, i.e. along the suture.	placentation
massula	An aggregation of pollen or spores.
mauve	A pale purple colour.
medifixed	Attached at or by the middle; of anthers, when the filament is attached near the middle.
mega-	Large.
megaspore	In a heterosporous plant, the female spores that give rise to female gametophytes.
meiosis	A special form of cell division (in sporangia, pollen-sacs or ovules) in which the daughter cells receive the haploid number of chromosomes.
membranous	Like a membrane in consistency; thin, soft, flexible, and more or less translucent.
mericarp	A one-seeded portion of a many-seeded fruit that breaks at maturity into units, as in the Geraniaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae, Malvaceae etc.
-merous	The number of parts per whorl that characterizes a particular flower, e.g., 5-merous, pentamerous, having five parts.
meso-	Middle.
mesocarp	The middle layer in a fruit wall, often fleshy, sometimes missing.
mesostylous	In species with trimorphic heterostyly: plants or flowers having long and short stamens, and styles intermediate in length.
micro-	Small.
microspore	In a heterosporous plant, the male spores that give rise to male gametophytes.
midrib	The central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
mitosis	A division in which a nucleus gives rise to two daughter nuclei, each identical to the parent nucleus; this procedure is necessary for growth and development.
monadelphous	Of stamens, with the filaments united into one bundle.
mono-	One-.
monochasium	A cyme with one branch from each node.	cymose
monocotyledon	A flowering plant whose seedlings have only one cotyledon.
monoecious	Having male and female flowers on the same plant.
monolete	Applied to a spore with a simple scar marking the point of attachment in the tetrad.
monophyletic	A group where the members are all descendants of a common ancestor.
monopodial	With a persistent terminal growing point.
monothecal	With a single cavity or cell; of anthers, with one theca (and thus at most two pollen sacs).
monotypic	With only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family containing only one genus.
mucro	A short, distinct, stiff terminal point.
mucronate	Ending abruptly in a short, stiff point.	leaf top
multinodal	With numerous nodes.
muricate	Rough to the touch, with short, hard outgrowths of the epidermis.
muticous	Pointless, awnless, blunt; used to indicate contrast to pointed.
mycorrhiza	A close physical association between a fungus and the roots of a plant from which both seem to benefit.
myrmecochorous	Dispersed by ants. Not used in this Flora.
naked	Not enclosed; of sporangia, not covered by an indusium; of seeds, exposed on the surface of a sporophyll and not enclosed within an ovary; of flowers, without perianth.
nanophanerophyte	A woody plant with winter buds 25-100 cm above the ground.
navicular	Boat-shaped.
nectariferous	Of an organ secreting nectar, or with nectar-secreting organs.
nectary	A nectar-secreting organ.
neotype	A specimen selected to serve in place of a holotype, where none of the original material to which the name was originally applied is known to have been preserved.
nerve	Synonymous with vein. Not used in this Flora.
nigrescent	Ambiguous ("becoming black" or "blackish"); not used in this Flora.
nocturnal	Nightly.
nodding	Bending very much, so that the apex is directed downwards.
node	The position on the stem where leaves, branches and/or flowers are borne.
nomen conservandum	A name that has been formally accepted as the correct name contrary to the usual principles of botanical nomenclature.
nomen illegitimum	A name which, at the time of its publication, was superfluous because the taxon to which it was applied had already been named, or had already been applied to another plant.
nomen nudum	A name published without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference.
nomen rejiciendum	A name rejected in favour of a nomen conservandum.
nothomorph	One of several morphological variants of a particular hybrid.
nothospecies	A hybrid between two species, when regarded as a unit and given a binary name.
nothosubspecies	A hybrid between two subspecies, when regarded as a distinct unit and given a trinary name.
nucellus	The inner part of an ovule, within which the embryo-sac develops.
nut	A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit formed from two or more carpels but usually containing a single seed.
nymphaeid	A plant which has floating leaves and is rooted at the bottom.
ob-	The other way up from normal, usually flattened or widened at the distal rather than proximal end.
obconical	Conical but attached at the narrower end.
obcordate	Of a leaf, broad and notched at the tip.
oblate	Almost circular but wider than long.	leaf shapes 1
obligate	Being totally dependent upon certain environmental conditions, or being unable to change strategy
oblique	With unequal sides, especially of a leaf base, as in Ulmus; slanting.
oblong	A flat shape with middle part +- parallel-sided, 1.2-3x as long as wide. If less, broadly oblong, if more, narrowly oblong.	leaf shapes 1
obovate	A flat shape similar in shape to ovate but widest at the distal end and 1.2-3x as long as wide. If less, broadly obovate, if more, narrowly obovate.	leaf shapes 1
obtuse	Blunt or rounded at apex.	leaf top
ochrea	A sheath, encircling the stem as a cylinder from the node upwards, as in the Polygonaceae.	attachment
ochreola	A structure similar to an ochrea, but encircling axes in the inflorescence, as in the Polygonaceae.
opaque	Dull, non-translucent.
operculum	A lid, such as the deciduous cap of a circumscissile capsule.
opposite	Of leaves, borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the stem; of floral parts, on the same radius.
orbicular	A flat shape, circular in outline.	leafshapes 1
orifice	The opening, the mouth.
outbreeding	The production of offspring from cross fertilization.
outcrossing	Deposition of pollen on the stigma of a different plant.
ovary	The basal part of the gynoecium containing the ovules.
ovate	Egg-shaped (applied to flat objects); widest below the middle and 1.2-2 times as long as wide. If wider, broadly ovate, if narrower, narrowly ovate.	leaf shapes 1
ovoid	A solid shape with the form of an egg.
ovule	Organ (inside the ovary in Magnoliopsida, naked in Coniferopsida) that contains the embryo-sac, which in turn contains the egg; developing into the seed after fertilization.
ovuliferous scale	A structure bearing ovules and becoming woody at seed maturity; applied to scales in the cone in gymnosperms.
palate	A projection or raised area on the lower lip of some bilabiate corollas; sometimes, as in Anthirrhinum, it closes the throat completely.
palea	In a grass floret, the upper of the two bracts enclosing a flower.
palmate	Of a simple leaf with three or more distinct lobes whose veins meet at the base.	leaf shapes 2
palmatisect	Palmately divided almost down to the midrib.
panduriform	Fiddle-shaped, obovate with a sinus in each side below the middlle.	leaf shapes 1
panicle	A compound, much-branched cymose inflorescence.	inflorescences
papery	Having a papery consistency.
papilla	A short, rounded nipple-like bump or projection of an epidermal cell.
papillose	Covered with papillae.
pappus	Hairs, simple or feathery, or sometimes bristles or scales formed outside the corolla and surrounding the apex of the fruit, in the Asteraceae.
paraphyletic	A group of taxa that does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor.
paraphyses	Sterile filaments intermingled with sporangia.
parasite	An organism living on or in a different organism, and nourishing from it.
parenchyma	Unspecialized tissue, often constituting the main part of many organs.
parietal	Attached to the margins of a structure; of a placenta, having the ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary.	placentation
paripinnate	Pinnate without an unpaired terminal leaflet.	leaf shapes 2
partial inflorescence	A more or less distinct subunit of an inflorescence.
-partite	Divided, almost to the base, into segments.
patent	Spreading, projecting more or less at right angles, or expanded.
pectinate	Comb-like, with narrow, numerous and close segments arranged like the teeth of a comb.
pedate	Palmately lobed but with the lateral lobes themselves divided into smaller segments, the midribs of which do not directly run to the same point as the rest.
pedicel	The stalk of the individual flower.
pedicellate	Stalked (of flowers).
peduncle	The stalk of an inflorescence; in gymnosperms, the stalk which supports the cone.
pedunculate	Stalked (of inflorescences).
peltate	Shield-shaped; of a flat, more or less circular organ with a central stalk.	leaf shapes 1
pendent	Hanging down.
pentamerous	Having five parts.
pentaploid	Having 5 basic sets of chromosomes.
perennial	A plant that lives for more than two years.
perfoliate	Of a sessile leaf or bract, having its base completely wrapped around the stem so that the stem appears to pass through the blade.	attachment
perianth	The calyx and corolla together, usually used when the calyx and corolla are not, or little differentiated.
perianth segment	The lobes of a partially fused perianth, especially when sepals and petals cannot be distinguished .
pericarp	The fruit wall, developed from the ovary wall.
perigynous	Of a flower with a superior ovary but with the calyx, corolla and stamens inserted above the base of the ovary on an extension of the receptacle which is not fused with the ovary.
periodically serrate	Serrate, with some teeth, at regular intervals, larger and more prominent than the others.	margin
perisperm	Nutritive tissue in a seed similar to endosperm but derived from the nucellus.
perispore	A membrane or extra outer layer surrounding a spore.
perpendicular	Directed straight downwards, or at right angle with some other body.
persistent	Remaining attached, not falling off even though the original function of the organ has ceased, e.g. of petals not falling after flowering.
petal	One of the segments of the inner whorl(s) of the perianth, usually conspicuously coloured .
petaloid	Petal-like; used for brightly coloured sepals, bracts or leaves.
petiolate	With a petiole, not sessile.	attachment
petiole	The stalk of a leaf.
petiolulate	With stalked leaflets.
petiolule	The stalk of a leaflet.
phanerogam	A plant reproducing by seeds.
phanerophyte	A woody plant with winter buds at least 25 cm above the ground.
phenotype	The physical characteristics of an organism.
phyllary	Sepal-like bracts on the outside of the capitulum in Asteraceae, with a gradual transition between innermost and outermost or arranged in distinct inner and outer whorls.
phylloclade	Synonymous with cladode. Not used in this Flora.
phyllode	A leaf with an expanded, leaf-like petiole but lacking a true blade.
phylogeny	The relationships of a group as reflected by their evolutionary history, i.e. the lines of descent of the group members from their ancestors.
pilose	Hairy, covered with weak, soft hairs.
pinna	The primary division of a compound leaf; a pinna may be further subdivided into pinnules.	leaf shapes 2
pinnate	Divided into pinnae.	leaf shapes 2
pinnatifid	Of a leaf cut deeply into lobes, but by far not to the midrib.	leaf shapes 2
pinnatisect	Pinnately dissected to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it.	leaf shapes 2
pinnule	A division, or leaflet of a pinna; a pinnule may be further subdivided into tertiary segments.	leaf shapes 2
pistil	The female organ of a flower, formed by a single carpel or a group of fused carpels.
pistillate	Female (of flowers).
pistillode	A sterile pistil, often rudimentary.
pith	The spongy, parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.
placenta	The part within an ovary, to which the ovules are attached.
placentation	The arrangement of placentas, and hence of ovules, within an ovary.	placentation
plastic	Varying in form according to environmental conditions, not according to genetic characteristics.
pleiochasium	A cyme with more than two branches from each node.
pleiotropy	The ability of a gene to influence more than one phenotypic attribute.
plicate	Folded.
plumose	Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a central axis.
plurilocular	Hollow, with more than two rooms.
pod	A fruit type in Fabaceae, formed from a single carpel and splitting into two valves.
pollen	The powdery mass of microspores shed from the anthers of seed plants.
pollinarium	In Asclepiadaceae; the pollen grains from two adjacent anther-lobes (thecae) are united to a coherent mass for dispersal as a unit in pollination.
pollinium	In orchids, a coherent mass of pollen grains from one anther-lobe (theca) transferred as a unit in pollination.
poly-	Many.
polychronic	Arising parallel at more than one occasion, from parents of the same species.
polygamous	With both bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
polymorphic	With more than two distinct morphological variants.
polyphyletic	A group where the members originated, independently, from more than one evolutionary line.
polyploid	Having three or more basic chromosome sets, e.g. 3 (triploid), 4 (tetraploid), 5 (pentaploid), 6 (hexaploid), 7 (heptaploid), 8 (octoploid), 9 (nonaploid), 10 (decaploid) etc.
polytopic	Arising parallel in more than one place, from parents of the same species.
porate	Of a pollen grain, with rounded apertures.
post-	After, behind.
posterior	At the back; on the side toward the axis, as the upper lip of a bilabiate corolla.
precocious	Flowering or fruiting before the normal season.
premorse	Terminating abruptly in an uneven end, as if bitten off.	leaf top
prickle	A tough, broad-based, sharp-pointed outgrowth from the epidermis, as in Rosa.
pro parte	Partly, in part.
process	An outgrowth or appendage, or something which is going on; not used as a morphological term in this Flora.
procumbent	Trailing or spreading along the ground.
propagule	A structure with the capacity to give rise to a new plant, e.g. a seed, a spore, part of the vegetative body capable of in